f^ iipii'afi^^fe CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA: ILLUSTRATIONS SHELLS OF MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS, VOL. XL CONTAINING MONOGRAPHS OF THE GENKE PINNA. UMBRELLA. PERNA. PEDUM. MALLEUS. lANTHINA. VULSELLA. COLUMBELLA. CEENATULA. META. CALYPTR^A. CREPIDULA. CRUCIBULUM. TROCHITA. ANOMIA. PLACUNANOMIA. LOVELL AUGUSTUS REEVE, F.L.S., F.G.S., COBKESPONDING MKMBEK OF THE NaTlRAI, HISTORV SOCIETY OF Wl'UTEMBEUG, AND OF THE LTCEIM OF NATUKAI. HISTORY OP NEW YOKE. 'Why stand we gazing on the sparkling brine, With wonder srait by its transparency. And all-enraptnred with its purity? Because the unstained, the clear, the crystalline. Have ever in them something of benign." — Wordsworth LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENEIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. Hoi ^r'^.:^ 1/ " MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS PINNA, ' Give me your gloves, I '11 wear them for your sake." Shaks'pea\ Rmia, PI. I. SowErty 8ei.«.li(h . -a:. ^V^V\ 1/incen.t feooks Iiup PINNA. Genus PINXA, Z, Testa aguivalvis, obliqua, longitudinaliter cuneiformis,Jil)ro- laminaris, plerumque sqmmata, umbonibus terminali- bus, laleribus safe hianlibus. Cardo lateralis, eden- tulus, liffamento snbintemo per totam lonyitudinem continuo. Impressio muscularis composita. Shell equivalve, oblique, longitudinally wedge-shaped, fibro- laminar, generally scaled, umboes terminal, sides often gaping. Hinge lateral, toothless, with the ligament rather internal, continued throughout its whole length. Muscular impression compound. The large typical species of this genus, P. rotundala, being an inhabitant of the Mediterranean, it was one of the few shells described by the old Greek father of natural history, Aristotle. His designation of IIiiTa was there- fore adopted by the founder of our nomenclature in his ' Systcma NaturfB ;' aud it is one of the few Linuajan genera that has escaped the knife of modern genus- mongers. The Finnce are so nearly allied in form and tis- sue that they are scarcely susceptible of even subgeneric division. Their chief variation is in sculpture, the scales with which they are mostly armed being in some, as in P. serrata, very minute aud sharp ; in others, as in P. alta and Cumingu, raised and tubulous ; and in others, as in P. nobiUs and rugosa, promiscuously distorted; while many species, as P. fitmata, bicolor, and PhlUppinensis are smooth. They are all of fibrous brittle texture, and often brilliant in colour, though a dull-olive rather pre- dominates. The Pinna are chiefly inhabitants of the Old World. Out of fifty species of which the habitats are known, fully half are from the region of the Philippine Islands, Ma- lacca, and the Moluccas. Only one species, abundant chiefly on the south-west coast, inhabits our own shores, and three the Mediterranean and Adriatic. Australia con- tributes six. fine species, aud New Zealand two, Japan one, aud the Cape of Good Hope one. Of the western species, comprising only the proportion of a fifth, the three finest are from Panama. Three are from the West Indies, one from Honduras, one from Puerto Portrero, and three from South Carolina. In examining the species of this genus, great care is necessary to observe them in different stages of growth. Individuals which in a young state are characterized by a profusion of scales, often become roughly laminated and denuded of sculpture in an advanced stage of growtli ; and the same species is found, even at the same apparent age, so variable as to be scaly in one habitat and smooth in another. All these difl'erences may however be ob- served, and their gradations detected, by sufficiently co- pious observations. Species 1. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Pinna Chemnitzii. Finn, testa subarcuato-trigond, te- nui, ventricosd, sordide olivaced, longitudinaliter ra- diaiim costatd, costis interdum subobsoktis, miiticis, interstitiis transverse striatic ; concentrice subplicatd, plicis distantibus, cito evanidis ; margine dorsali In- curvato, plerumque muricato-squamato. Chemnitz's Pinna. Shell somewhat arcuately trian- gular, thin, ventricose, dull-olive, longitudinally ra- diately ribbed, ribs sometimes obsolete, smooth, with the interstices transversely striated; concentricallv slightly plicated, the folds being distant and soou disappearing; dorsal margin incurved, generally prickly scaled. H.4.NLEY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 136. Hab. Phdippine Islands ; Cuming. A thin ventricose shell of a sombre-olive colour, pricklv scaled only along the dorsal edge. February, 1859. I -^ '>;a %& Jhuui, Till. \'vl;^^ '^^'f; Soweriy < A&ncexit ExooV.s> Ixrip FINN A. PiNNM Species 2. (Miis. Cuming.) 5EMINUDA. Finn, testa trigond, truncata, latere postico lonyitiidinaliter costalo, viultuqttamoso, squamis tetmibus, erecth, latere antico squamis copiosis minutis, versus umbones subobsoletis, rugis perpaucis amplls coHcentricis ; sordid^ olivacea. The half-naked Pinna. Shell triangular, truncated, posterior side longitudinally ribbed, many-scaled, scales delicate, erect, anterior side witli the scales plen- tiful, minute, rather obsolete towards the umboes, with a few large concentric wrinkles ; dull olive. Lamaeck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. (51. Pinna squamosvssima, Pliilippi. Hab. South Carolina. This species, of a dull olive horny substance and pecu- liarly truncated form, is densely sculptured on the poste- rior angle with delicate, erect scales, while on the anterior angle the scales are even more numerous, but smaller, and, being almost obsolete towards the umboes, impart a comparative smoothness to that portion of the shell. ■Species 3. (.Miis. Cuming.) Pinna rotundata. Finn, testa elongato-trigond, extre- mitafe rotundatd, radiatim subflexuoso-Uratd, undique densissimi squamosa, squamis peculiariter irregulari- hus, quasi papillaribns ; griseo-ntfescente. The rounded Pinna. Shell elongately triangular, rounded at the extremity, radiately subflexuously ridged, everywhere very densely scaled, scales pecu- liarly irregular, as though papillary ; greyish-red. LiNNiBUS, Syst. Nat. p. 1160. Pinna squamosa, Gmelin. Pinna marina, Chemnitz. Hab. Mediterranean. This well-known species, an inhabitant chiefly of the Mediterranean, is the lari^est of the genus, growing fre- quently to two feet in length. The scales with which it is everywhere densely beset have a peculiar papillary look, and are distorted promiscuously in all directions. It is of this species that the fine silken byssus has been sometimes used for the manufacture of a pair of gloves. March, 1858. limw, FJ. m. Sowerby d£l,etl\tK "Vineent lErrooks Imp PINNA PiNNJ Species 4. (Mus. Cumiug.) NIGUA. Finn, testa, trigono-flabellatd, versit.s boms atteimald, lirig Jlexuom obscure radiatd, vel laevigata vel squaniatd, nquamis amplk distantibus, re- curvo-erectis ; nigra. The black Pinna. Shell triangularly fan-shaped, atte- nuated towards the iimboes, obscurely rayed with fiexuous ridges, smooth or scaled, scales large, dis- tant, recurvedly erect ; black. CuEMNiTZ, Conch. (Jab. vol. viii. p. 221. pi. 88. f. 774. Pinna nigrina, Lamarck. Hab. South Seas and Piiilippiiic Islands ; Cuming. This well-defined species varies materially in sculpture, being sometimes unusually strongly scaled and sometimes smooth and of large size. It is not often that specimens occur with such boldly developed scales as in the shell here figured. Of the large, smooth variety there are some remarkable specimens in the British Museum. Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna inflata. Finn, testa oblique irigond, sublorld, tenui, valdi injiatd, laevigata, liris nt.i?itctis obscure ser- ratis radiatd, antice profuse mimitissime serrato-squa- mails, margine cardinali muricato-squamaio, nquamis panels grandibus ; olivaceo-corned. The inflated Pinna. Shell obliquely triangular, some- what distorted, thin, very inflated, smooth, rayed with minute, obscurely sen'ated ridges, anteriorly very mi- nutely serrately scaled, hinge-margin prickly-scaled, scales few, large ; olive-horny. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. 215. pi. 8. f. 771. Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. This is a very distinct species from the Linnean P. pectiiiata of our European shores, with which it is con- founded by Lamarck. It is singularly inflated, and, though apparently smooth will be found on examination to be crowded on the anterior side with very minute appressed scales, and to be rayed with minute serrated ridges. March, 1858. JPiiina, PI. IV. ■>.■ SowEcW rial eLlith "feicent Brooks Ttj PINNA. Plate IV. Species 6. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Curaing.) Pinna saccata. Pitiu. testa irregulariter trigond, nunc oblongd nunc lalinsculd, semper plus minus distortd, radiatim costatd, costis amplis, obtusk, uudatis, inler- dum nodatis, latere antico sape sinu coarctato ; suc- cineo-rufescenie, corned. The satchel-shaped Pinna. Shell irregularly trian- gular, sometimes oblong, sometimes rather broad, always more or less distorted, radiately ribbed, ribs large, obtuse, waved, sometimes noduled, an- terior side often contracted by a sinus ; amber-red, horny. LiNN^us, Syst. Nat. p. llfiO. Var. elongata, P. Nultallii ; Conrad. Hab. Sandwich Islands and Philippine Islands ; Cuming. There is no defining the varieties of this very character- istic species. It has a wide range of habitation, and is found distorted into all sorts of forms between those se- lected for illustration. Its araber-red horny substance is quite peculiar. March, 1858. Bmuc. Fl. M \- \^ •\ \^ K ■^:- owaiy del eLlith . "Vincem. BTodks It; PINNA. Plate V. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna kigida. Fwm. testa mbpyriformi, obscure costet- latd, squamatd, sqiiamis paucis, brevibus, latere antico rude decassalim. ruijoso ; fmeo-olwaced. The rigid Pinna. Shell somewhat pear-shaped, ob- scurely ril)bed, scaled, scales few, short, anterior side rudely decussately wrinkled ; fuscous-olive. DiLLWYN, Descriptive Catalogue of Shells, p. 327. Hai,. ? Characterized by a pear-shaped gi-owth, dark fuscous- olive colour, and irregular sculpture of promiscuous, short, broken scales. Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna incurvata. Finn, testa lanceolato-Jlabelti/orm, lateribiis subincurvatis, medio carinatd, utrinque regu- hiriter declivi, IcBvigatd, livido-cinered, subvitred, an- tice oblique concentrice corrugatd, postice iransversini fettice ruffosd. luE INCURVED Pinna. Shell laaceolately fan-shaped, keeled in the middle, regularly sloping on each side, smooth, livid-ash, glassy, anteriorly obliquely wrinkled, posteriorly transversely finely rugose. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. 229. pi. 90. f 778. Hab. Moluccas. Readily distinguished from all other species by its lan- ceolate form and thin, livid-ash, brittle substance. Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna Eumphii. Finn, testd gracili-trigond, cnrvatd, medio carinatd, iitringtie plano-declivi, pallide cinered, subpelhicidd, obscurissime longitudinaliler liratd et pe- cidiaritei- malleafd, antici valide oblique corrugatd. RuMPHius's Pinna. Shell slenderly triangular, curved, keeled in the middle, flatly sloping on each side, pale-ash, rather transparent, very obscurely longitu- dinally ridged and peculiarly malleated, anteriorly strongly obliquely wrinkled. Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 18.58. Hab. Moluccas. Very closely allied to the preceding species, but uni- formly smaller and more curved, whilst the surface is cu- riously finely malleated. April, 1858. BnncL, R. W. Sov/erby < ■\^-ncent. Srooks Imp PINNA Pig. 10. (Mus. (Juming.) The sliL'll here figured is a young specimen of 1'. squa- mosa, in whicli the scales are more produced though preserving the same characteristic promiscuous growth. Chemnitz described and figured it as a distinct species, with the name P. aculeato-squamosa, while Poli con- founded it with the Linnsean P. nobilis. It is an ex- tremely interesting state of the species, and sliould be carefully preserved in collections with the adult form. Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.) iLTA. PiiiH. testa pyriforvii-Jlabellatd, radiafim longitudinaliter costellatd, costellis ampliter squamalu, squamis reffidaribus, conspicue productis, reciirvis, tu- bulatis ; fttsco-ol'waeed. The high Pinna. Shell pyriformly fan-shaped, radi- ately longitudinally ribbed, ribs largely scaled, scales regular, conspicuously produced, recurved, tu- bular; fuscous-olive. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 84. Hab. Bay of Honduras (on sandbanks). This fine species is remarkat)le for the conspicuous re- gularity of its large, recurved, tubular scales. April, 1858. Rmuji. PI. W. t: -©H r^;5^. Sovrerbj ad atlith Vincent. Broc.'ks Tnip PINNA. Species V2, (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna sauAMirKRA. J'imi-. tesld mblanceolald, cornea, costellis panels squamiferk longitudinaliter radiald, sqtiamis aubdistantibus, majoribus, latiuscuUs, subre- flexis, rotundatis, hyalinis, margine dorsali recto, pos- tico vetdralique rotundatis, continuis, area cenirali riiffosd. The sqcamiferous Pinna. Shell somewhat lanceo- late, horny, longitudiually raycil with a few small squamiferous ribs, scales rather distant, larger than usual, rather broad, somewhat reflected, rounded, hyaline, dorsal margin straight, posterior and ventral margins rounded, continuous, ventral area rugose. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 85. Ha/>. Cape of Good Hope. The distinguishing features of this species consist in its broad-spreading, recurved scales, and comparatively dis- tant ribs. Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna Zelanica. Finn, testa suboblmigo-trigona, lavi, vix costellatd, promiscue sguamaid, squami-s brevibus, palulis, erectis, valde irregularibus ; nigrescente-oli- vaced. The New Zealand Pinna. Shell somewhat oblong- triangular, smooth, scarcely ribbed, promiscuously scaled, scales short, open, erect, very irregular ; verj' dark olive. Gray, Appendix to Dieffenbach's New Zealand. Bab. New Zealand. The scales of this species are distinguished for their very promiscuous, incomplete growth, being curiously short, open, and erect. April, 1858. Mmw, K. VIII. i^owerby del.et.liQi ViTiC(;an.l. iirook® Iiup P I iN N A. Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna papyracea. Finn, testa svielongato-trigond, fe- nui, .tubpellucidd, livulo-cinered, postke costatd, coUis diitaidibm, nonnuUin obsolete squantatis, mferstUiis concavit, antice oblique undato-corrugatd. The paper Pinna. Shell elongately triangular, thiu, somewhat transparent, livid-ash, posteriorly ribbed, ribs distant, some obsoletely scaled, interstices con- cave, anteriorly obliquely wave-wrinkled. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. 243. pi. 9;!. f. 786. Hah. ? (Jhiefly distinguished by its widely-spread ribs, with their regular concave interstices. Pinna Hani Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.) EYI. Finn, testa oblongo-trigond, fubventri- cosd, livid-o-olivaced, corned, postici liratd, liris nume- rosis, irregularibm, interstitiis serratis, antice oblique rude corrugatd, mperficie uiidique pecvliariter decus- satim malleatd, margine postico incurvato, muricato- squamaid. Hanley's Pinna. Shell oblong-triangular, somewhat veiitricose, livid-olive, horny, posteriorly ridged, ridges numerous, irregular, interstices serrated, ante- riorly obliquely rud^y wrinkled, with the surface curiously decussately malleated throughout, posterior margin incurved, prickly-scaled. Ifab. Amboyna. A curiously-sculptured species, which gives me an op- portunity of acknowledging the valuable assistance kindly afforded me by Mr. Hanley in the examination of this genus. April, 18.58. V ^r^. Bniui.PlII. /' Sowerliy iM 9 litii 'Viiicent Brooks Imp. FINN A. Plate IX. Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna bullata. Finn, testa obliqm trigona, marghie decUm-rotundatd, tenui, subpellucida, radiatim coslaid, costis grmlatim latioribus ; mrdide alba, verms urn- bones aurantio-rufd. The bubble-like Pinna. Shell obliquely triangular, slopingly rounded at the margin, thin, semitraiispa- rent, radiately ribbed, ribs gradually broader ; dead- white, orauge-red towards the umboes. SwAiNSON, Hanley, MS., Mus. Cuming. Hal. Moluccas. Of light, horny substance, tinged with orange-red to- wards the umboes. The ribs radiate to the margin, but become gradually broader and almost superficial. Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna bicolor. Finn, testa eUnigatd, margiite deelici- rotundatd, radiatim costatd, costis angmtin, si(bobsolelis, panto Jkxiwsis, interstitiis parunt concavis ; lieido- cinered, subpellucidd, olivaceo-nigricante radiMd. The two-colouked Pinna. Shell elongated, slopingly rounded at the margin, radiately ribbed, ribs narrow, rather obsolete, a little flexuous, interstices but little concave ; livid-ash, somewhat transparent, rayed with olive-black. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. viii. p. ^34. pi. 90. I 7S(l. Finna dolabrata, Lamarck. Uab. Malacca. This fine species is chiefly characterized by its biai'k- rayed painting. en- tricosd, radialim Jlexuoso-liratd, Uris fere ohoktu, versus marginem squanialls, squamis brevibus, patulis ; electrino-rubenle, varie mtbectdatd. The amber Pinna. Shell narrowly fan-shaped, in- curved at the sides, angularly ventricose in the middle towards the umboes, radiately flexuously ridged, ridges almost obsolete, scaled towards the margin, scales short, open ; amber-red, variously clouded. Hab. Moluccas. This very characteristic species, narrowly incurved at the sides, is of an elegant contour, and of a peculiar clouded amber-red colour. The scales also short and widely open. Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna Zebuensis. Finn, testa elongato-trigond, subjla- belliformi, tenui, pellucido-corned, versus umbones me- dio acute angulatd, deinde liratd, Uris plus minus obao- letis, muticis, undigue obscure nodulntis. TiiE Zebu Pinna. Shell elongately triangular, rather fan-shaped, thin, transparent-horny, sharply angular in the middle towards the umboes, then ridged, ridges more or less obsolete, smooth, everywhere obscurely noduled. Hab. Island of Zebu, Philippines ; Cuming. An elegant species of light transparent substance, sculp- tured throughout with faint nodules in the place of scales. May, 18.58. C\ Iuimi,J>l.J}'. -M^- :S;. V SovnirbY dd.tS-Kh.. £tc<3ss Imp PINNA. Species 27. (Fig. 27, 28, Mus. Cuming.) Pinna fiim.*.ta. Finn, testa elotigato-trigond, radiaiim. liratd, liru tenuibus, lavibus, subflexuosis, interstitiis concavis, lineU concenirick demise decussatis, latere ati- tico subruffoso ; livido-cinered, olivaceo-nigricante fu- matd. The smoky Pinna. Shell elongately triangular, radiately ridged, ridges thin, smooth, rather flexuous, inter- stices concave, densely crossed with concentric lines. anterior side rather rugose; livid-nsh, smoked wilii olive-black. Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1858. Hab. San Nicolas, Island of Zebu, Philippines. The specific peculiarities of this species are very distinct, the radiating ridges being slight and rather flexuous, with the interstices closely beset with concentric strise. In colour it has a characteristic smokv hue. May, 1858. j\mm, n. m. U vnJaX,-; dflox'itl; Tin ceiit Brooks Imp, PINNA. Species 5J9. (Mus. Cuming.) VlNSA OuMINGll. Pinn. testa subqnadrato-Jlabellatd corned, oiesd, ventrieosd, radiatim costatd, cosf.is am- pits, rotundatis, dense sqimnmtis, squamis late injlatis, interdum globosis, interstitiis serratis ; livido-oUvaced Cuming's Pinna. Shell somewhat squarely fan-shapetl horny, stout, ventricose, radiately ribbed, ribs large rouuded, densely scaled, scales broadly inflated, some- times globose, interstices serrated ; livid-olive. Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1858. Hab. Australia. This fine shell is remarkable for its densely-set scales, which are peculiarly broadly inflated, and near the margin almost globose. Species 30. (Mus. Cummg.) Pinna semicostata. Finn, testa trigond, prope umbones acute ventrieosd, aUicante-corned, faseiis rufescetite- fuscis interdum radiatd, tenuieostatd, liris squamis parvii patulis obsitis, latere antico mutico. The half-ribbed Pinna. Shell triangular, sharply ventricose near the umboes, whitish-horny, sometimes rayed with reddish-brown bands, finely ribbed, ribs beset with small open scales, anterior side smooth. Ilnb. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. A light silvery horny species of an unusually abrupt tri- angular form, sometimes rayed with light brown bands, beset with scales, which are short and open. May, 18.58. mna.. Fi.im. € 'f \ \ ^ 'ov^rliv aeLet-lltli. \^.ti^:ri obsoletis ; rubido-fuscd,ferrugined. The deltoid Pinna. Shell broadly triangularly fun- shaped, rudely flattened, radiately ribbed, ribs irre- gular, almost obsolete ; reddish-brown, rusty. Menke, Moll. Nov. HoU. p. 37. I llab. Near Victoria River, west coast of New Holland. I A shell of very rough peculiarly flattened structure, j broadly triangular, characterized by an obsolete radiation of irregular tumid ribs. Finna PIX.11I 5 owerty del e I litl-i "V]TLC-er,f Bioolis ijnp. PINNA. Plate XXII. Species J-l. (Mus. Cuming.) I'iNNA ATRO-PUKPUREA. I'iiiii. testd Ingono-JlobellaUl, subobliqud, radiatim liratd, liris Irtvibtts, regularibus, IMere antico muiico ; atro-purpured. The dakk-purplb Pinna. Shell triangularly fan- shaped, rather obliiiue, radiately ridged, ridges smooth, regular, anterior side not ridged ; dark purple. SowERBY, Tankcrvillc Catalogue, Appendix, p. 5. no. 531 fl. Hab. Araboyua. Tliis species is well characterized by the peculiar regu- larity of its ridged sculpture, and by its dark purple co- Species 42. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna pectinata. Finn, testd trigond, subventricosd, ra- diatim liratd, liris subcoutortis, sparsim squamalis, latere antico rugoso et muricato-squanwso ; semipdlu- ; cido-olivaced. I The pectinated Pinna. Shell triangular, rather ven- tricose, radiately ridged, ridges somewhat twisted, sparingly squaraate, anterior side rough and prickly scaled ; seraitransparent-olive. LiNN^us, Syst. Nat. p. 1160. Pimm inflata, Chemnitz. Hab. Britain. In many examples of this species the anterior side is curiously blistered. The shell is rather light and ventri- cose, and of somewhat irregular growth. PinnaPlTATII ^^m ScwerLy Vincenb Brouits It PINNA Species 43. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna sebka. Pinn. testa subquadrato-JlcJiellatd, teiiui, ventricosd, radiatim Virata, liris tetiuibus, irregida- ribus, dense squamatis, squamis parvis, brevibus, mur- gine postico squamis gratidioribus dense serrato, latere antico tumidiusculo, peculiariter Minute squamato-reti- culalo ; pellucido-olkaced. The saw Pinna. Shell somewlmt squarely fnn-sliai)ed, thin, ventricose, nidiately ridged, ridges tliiu, irre- gular, densely scaled, scales small, short, posterior edge densely serrated with larger scales, anterior side rather swollen, peculiarly niiiiiitely scale-reliculatcd ; transpareut-olive. Hab. Moretoa Bay. A light transparent-olive siiell, somewhat irregularly sculptured with small prickly scales, having the posterior edge regularly closely set throughout with scales of larger size. Species 44. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna vespertina. Finn, testa elongato-trigond, ad latera subincurvd, prope umiones liratd, deinde laoi- gatd; olivaceo-cinered, radiis fumeo-fuscis etflavesceii- tibus ornatd. Tub sunbeam Pinna. Shell elongately triangular, ra- ther incurved at the sides, ridged towards the ura- boes, then smootli ; olive-ash, ornamented with rays of smoky-brown and yellow. Hob. ? A beautifully-coloured species, partaking of the cliarac- ters of P.fumata and P. euglypla. June, 1858. FumaFl.JJCIV Sovrerby- del et Inuh VmctnLBi-oote I-nip PINNA. Species 45. (Mus. Cuming.) ri.\.\.k viii,G.\TA. Finn, testa oblowjo-tr'ujoud, versus umboiies medio angulatn, radiutim lirata, liris prope umbones prommentibics, reffnlaribus, deinde interruptis, latere anlico subcorrugato, inciervo ; sordide fmneo- Psed. The striped Pinna. Shell oblong-triaiiguliir, angled in the middle towards the umboes, radiately ridged, ridges near the umboes prominent and regular, then interrupted, anterior side somewhat wrinkled, in- enrved ; dull smoky-brown. Mknke, Moll. Nov. Hoil. p. 3(;. //ob. Island of Negros ; (junung. A dark, dingy species, chiefly distinguished by the in- terrupted character of the radiating ridges. Species 46. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna attenuata. Firm, testa elongato-flabellatd, la- tere postico radiatiin costato, antico concentrice plicato- ' corrugato, versus extremitatem interdum pauci-squa- mato ; Jlavicante-olivaeed. The attenuated Pinna. Shell elongately fan-shaped, posterior side radiately ribbed, anterior concentri- eally plicately wrinkled, sometimes sparsely scaled i towards the extremity ; yellowish-olive. Hab. Moluccas. I There is no indication of scales in this species, except towards the anterior extremity ; and that is not always PimiaPlIIV •jsr> I' \s S ow erby del et lith ^^^B|; Viiiccnl BiookE Juvp PINNA Species 47. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna Japonica. Plhh. testa mlitngono-Jlabellatd, tenui, ItBviyatd, olivaceo-cinered, latere posiico radiatim li- rato, llris mhirregidaribus, anlico concentrice subtiUter riigoso, margine postico sparsim squamato. The Japan Pinna. Shell somewhat triangularly fan- shaped, thin, smooth, olive-ash, posterior side radi- ately ridged, ridges rather irregular, anterior side concentrically finely rugose, posterior margin sparsely scaled. Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 185S. Ha6. Japan. This has very much the appearance of a young shell. It is of a semitransparent horny substance, distinctly rayed with flattened ridges on the posterior side, and faintly concentrically rugose on the anterior. Species 48. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna tuberculosa. Finn, testa subrottmdato-trigond, fusco-nigricante, squamulis pallidioribiis obsolete sub- radiata, squamulis foliaceis, breaibus, postice incurvis, fornicalis, tubercula simnlantibus. The tubercled Pinna. Shell somewhat rotundately triangular, fuscous-black, obsoletely rayed with scales of a paler colour, scales foliaceous, short, posteriorly curved inwards, vaulted, resembling tubercles. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S35, p. 84. Hab. Panama (obtained from muddy banks) ; ('uming. Chiefly distinguished by the peculiarity of its scales, which are short and vaulted, extremely irregular, and of a yellowish-white hue upon a rusty-black ground. August, 1858. Pinna PI Un W^" IP-' PINNA Plate XXVI. Species 49. (Miis. Cuming.) PlNN.i D'Orbignyi. Finn, tesfd subangusti irigond, ven- tricosa, pellncido-comed, radiatim squamald, squamis versus nmrginem spatMMis, prominentibuK, varie ior- tiiosk. D'Orbigny's Pinna. Shell somewhat narrowly triangu- lar, ventricose, transparent-horny, radiately scaled, scales towards the margin spathulatc, prominent, variously twisted. Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1858. Hab. West Indies. The scales of this species are characteristic. They be- come gradually enlarged towards the margin, spathulate and variously twisted, fiist on one side, then on the other. Species 50. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna rugosa. Finn, trsta magna, nidi, irigond, versus umbones contractd, longitudinaliter obtuse radiatim costatd, cosiis versus marginem squamiferis, squamis magnis, elongatis, irregularibns, subrecurms, foliaceis, hibulosis. TuE ROUGH Pinna. Shell large, rude, triangular, con- tracted towards the umboes, longitudinally, obtusely, radiately ribbed, ribs full of scales towards the mar- gin, scales large, elongated, irregular, somewhat re- curved, foliaceous, tubular. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 84. Ilai. Isle of Eey, Bay of Panama (from sand-hanks) ; Cuming. This interesting species, remarkable for the bold, folia- ceons, tubular growth of its scales, is sometimes a foot and a half in length. August, 1858. PmjurPl AJI7I Scrwcrhy, dcl.e-v.lith. Viiic e n.t B Tooks , It np PINNA Plate XXVII. Species 51. (Mus. Cuming.) PiNN.\ ANGDSTANA. Piim. tesld angusto-cuneatd, corned, purpureo-nigricanie radlald, versus umbones medio an- gtilatd, squamiferd, squamu brevihus, undatis. The narrowed Pinna. Shell narrowly wedge-shaped, hornv, rayed with purple-black, angled in the middle towards the umboes, scaled, scales short, waved. Lamaeck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 62. Hab. Moluccas. The scales of this species are short, characterized by a transver-^ely waved form of growth. Species 52. (Mus. Cuming.) Strangei. Finn, testa trigom, late flabellatd. subirregulari, Uvido-nigrd, purpurea tinctd, radiaiim liratd, Uris numerosis, subacutis, versus marginem. plus minus obsoletis, latere antico ventricoso, rugoso. late valide pUcato-coirugato. Str.inge's Pinna. Shell triangular, broadly fan-shaped, somewhat irregular, livid-black, tinged with purple, radiately ridged, ridges numerous, rather sharp, more or less obsolete towards the margin, anterior side ventricose, rough, broadly, strongly, plicately wrin- kled. IIanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1858. Hab. Moreton Bay. A bold characteristic species, of a broad, uncouth, tri- angular, fan-like growth, rayed with narrow and rather sharp ridges. The anterior side of the shell is wrinkled with strong broad folds. August, 1858. I'iiiiud'i xivm. ^ ■<•«■*'':' I* ^: =A%^. ^X'* -T- ^i&nceat, Broo>s Itrsp PINNA. Plate XXVIII. Species 52. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna bamulosa. Finn, testa triyond, marline postico recto, antico flexuoao-rotmidato, tenui, semipellucido- corned, radiatim liratd, liris conspicui sqtiamaik, squamis tubulom, acute erectis, irregularibus, latere antico mutico. The branched Pinna. Shell triangular, straight at the posterior edge, flexuously rounded at the ante- rior, thin, semitransparent-horay, radiately ridged, ridges conspicuously scaled, scales tubular, sharply erect, in'egular, anterior side smooth. Bab. West Indies. h light, transparent-horny shell, profusely beset with erect, spouted scales, variously directed. Fig. 53. (Mus. Cuming.) The shell here figured, Pinna ingens of Pennant, Brit. Zool. vol. iv. p. 115, and Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 66, proves to be a smooth state of the British P. pec- tinata, and presents a remarkable instance of variation in growth. It is of a dull, nebulous, horny colour, with- out a vestige of the scales which characterize the type of the species ; it has, however, the radiating posterior ridges. It appears to be uniformly of large size, and is more rounded. August, 1858. PmnaPlUII. SoweiV,d=l.--L.hl: av;.-:ilHrook.^:iaj PINNA. Plate XXIX. Species 54. (Mus. Cuming.) PlNN.^ Maur.\. Finn, testa obloiigd, titmidii, fusco-nigri- cante, olivaceo tinctd, longitudinaliter radiatim cos- tatd, costis parvu, obtum, ■mbobliteratis, postice squa- miferis, squamis formcafis, tnbnlom, .mbvciirvM, n»- tice suhmtiticd. The Mook Pinna Shell oblong, swollen, brown-black, tinged with olive, longitudinally radiately ribbed, ribs small, obtuse, somewhat obliterated, posteriorly full of scales, scales arched, tubular, somewhat recurved, anteriorly nearlv smooth. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 84. Hab. Panama (from muddy banks) ; Cuming. This shell is of a peculiar bistre-brown colour, running into dark greenish-olive, and the spines are rather close-set and of unusually regular, recurved, tubular growth. Pig. 55. (Mus. Cuming.) The shell here figured is an accidental repetition of the spined variety of P. Chemnitzii represented at Plate 1. Fig. 1 a. Pinna PL XXX PINNA. Species 56. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna kegia. Fitm. testa oblonyo-trigond, laleribus sub- incurvis, corned, fumeo-purpureo profuse nebulosd, ob- solete late costatd, costU siiperficiariis, sguamis brevis- simis perpaucis asperaiis. The koyal 1'inna. Shell oblong-triangular, sides slightly incurved, horny, profusely clouded with smoky-pur- ple, obsoletely broadly ribbed, ribs superficial, rough- ened with a few very short scales. Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1858. Hah. Araboyna. Of a glossy, horny substance, richly mottled with smoky -purple, and roughened with extremely short scales. Species 57. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna nobilis. Finn, testa trigono-Jlabelliformi, semi- pellucido-rufescente, versus umbones olivaceo-cinered, radiatim costatd et dense echiiiato-squamosd, subtubu- losis, erecto-recurvis, squamk varie divergentibus, lu- tescentibus. TiiE NOBLE Pinna. Shell triang\ilarly fan-shaped, semi- transparent reddish, olive-ash towards the umboes, radiately ribbed and densely prickly-scaled, somewhat tubular, erectly recurved, scales variously diverging, yellowish. Linn^us, Syst. Nat. p. 1160. Ilai. Adriatic. Distinguished by its very dense armature of diverging tubular scales, of a yellowish colour upon a transparent reddish ground. August, 1858. FiTmaPf.XJII. '^^.-^ /.v:^.,r *;' V ./ ^. CLt (L-^ ?' .." -^ , V I ioAC by (J-l ct l,0^ PINNA Pla XXXI. Species 58. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna l.ivnceolata. Pitm. testa sublanceolato-JlabeUi- formi, rufescente-olivaced, medio et postice radiatm coslellald, anlice fere mutica, costellis squamatis, sgimmis regitlaribus, subtubulom, recurvis. The lanceolate Pinna. Shell lanceolately fan-shaped, reddish-olive, radiately ribbed in the middle and on the posterior side, almost smooth on the anterioi-, ribs scaled, scales regular, somewhat tubular, re- curved. SowEBBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 84. Hab. Near Puerto Potrero (dredged from sandy mud, at ;i depth of thirteen fathoms) ; Cuming. The scales of this species, of a recurved tubular form, are set with somewhat more than usual regularity, but on the anterior side of the shell they almost disappear. Species 59. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna assi.milis. finn. testa trigono-Jlabellatd, antice tiimuld, subrotimdata, cinereo-cornea, undique radia- tim liratd, liris profuse squamatis, squamis peculiari- ter irregitlaribus. The allied Pinna. Shell triangularly fan-shaped, an- teriorly swollen and somewhat rounded, ash-horny, everywhere rayed with ridges, ridges profusely scaled, scales peculiarly irregular. Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1858. Hab. Kaines's Island, Torres Straits ; Lieut. Ince. A dull ash-horny species, characterized by a singular irregularity in the development of the scales, with which it is rayed throughout. August, 1858. PimiaFl.nXl] S c-weiViy. del. et litK. ooks.I-mp, PINNA Plate XXXII. Species 60. (Fig. 00 and 61, Miis. Cuming.) Pinna hystrix. Finn, testa late cuneiformi, tenmculd, injtata, podice subqjiadratd, corned, Uvido-purpurm- rente et Jiigro-fusco variegatd, midticostatd, codia parvis, squamatii, squamis subaugmte tubulosis, erectis, irregtilarihus, cmlarim interstifiis Mis, plano-con- raris, lamellis incrementi swhconspicuis. iHF, POKCUPINE Pinna. Shell broadly wedge-shaped, rather thin, inflated, posteriorly somewhat square, liorny, variegated with livid-purple and black -brown, many-ribbed, ribs small, squamate, scales rather slenderly tubular, erect, irregular, interstices be- tween the ribs flatly concave, with the lamella; of growth rather conspicuous. Hanlby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 226. Hab. Amboyna. This very beautiful species, which I had regarded as a spincd variety of P. Strmiyei, has been described by Mr. Hanley as a distinct species ; and I think rightly so. February, 1859. Pinna Fl. mm. 3 owEcby, 3el-et. Kth PINNA Plate XXXIII. Species 62. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna sanguinolenta. Pimi. testa oblique trigond, sub- angusta, Itevigata, corned, obsolefi costatd, antice sub- corrugatd ; pallidd, ivrsus umbonen citpreo-saiiguineo tinctd. The blood-stained Pinna. Shell obliquely triangular, rather narrow, smooth, horny, obsolctely ribbed, an- teriorly faintly wrinkled ; pale, stained towards the umboes with coppery blood-red. IJab. ? ("hiefly distinguished by its blood-stained colouring, which has a peculiar metallic hue. Species 63. (.Mus. Cuming.) Pinna fimbkiatula. Pimt. testd lai.i Jlabdliformi, mar- gine rotundatd, radiatim costatd, costh amplis autem obscuris, subdislantibus, paido undatis, sqwamatis, squamis ntrinqiie pecuUariter fimbriatidls ; lutescente- corned, livido-ulivaced, interdum itigrescente tinctd. The fuebelowed Pinna. Shell broadly fan-shaped, rounded at the margin, radiately ribbed, ribs large but obscure, rather distant, a little waved, scaled, scales peculiarly furbelowed on each side ; yellowish- homy, stained with livid-olive, sometimes blackish. Hab. Japan. The scales of this species present the peculiarity of being furbelowed with a recurved curl on either side. Species 64. (Mus. Cuming.) Pinna Stutchburii. Pinn. testd elongato-trigond, per- angustd, medio anyuhto-carinatd, obscure radiatim costatd, liEvigatd, antice subampiiter oblique plicato- corrugatd ; lutescente-spadiced, versus umbones ob- scure olivaceo maculatd. Stutchbuuy's Pinna. Shell elongately triangular, very narrow, angularly keeled down the middle, obscurely radiately ribbed, smooth, anteriorly rather largely ob- liquely plicately wrinkled ; yellowish-fawn, sometimes obscurely spotted with olive. Hab. Moretou Bay, Australia ; Stutchbury. A characteristic Australian species, of narrow angularly keeled growth, broadly plicately wrinkled down the ante- rior slope. I name it in memory of the collector, Mr. Henry Stutchbury, a resident of the town of Bristol, who has just departed this life, after spending many years in the successful pursuit and study of natural history. February, 1859. I'iiman.mn: iiUnir. Sov,o%,i::! et.tili nt Jirooks^lmp PINNA Plate XXXIV, Species 65. (Mus. Brit.) Pinna serrata. Piun. testa oldongo-flabelli/ornii, mar- gine subquadratd, peUucido-corned aut vitred, radia- tim liratd, liris numerosissimis, dense minute squama- tU, antice decussatim corrmjato-striatd, margine dor- sali acute serrato-squamato. The serrated Pinna. Shell oblong-fanshaped, rather square at the margin, transparent-horny or glassy, radiately ridged, ridges very numerous, densely mi- nutely scaled, anteriorly decussately wrinkle-striated ; dorsal margin sharply serrately scaled. SoLANDER, Sowerby's Genera of Shells. Hab. West Indies. This little species is especially distinguished by the pro- fusion of its serrated sculpture of minute scales. Species 66. (Mus. Brit.) Pinna Carolinensis. Finti. testa oblongo-Jlabelliformi, margine rotuudatd, solidiusculd, subitijlatd, olivaced, radiatlm costatd, costis validis, subdistantibus, fortiter squamatis, squamis versus marginem tubulosis et ri-- cureis, costarum interstitiis concavis. The Carolina Pinna. Shell oblong-fanshaped, rounded at the margin, rather solid, a little inflated, olive, radiately ribbed, ribs strong, rather distant, strongly scaled, scales towards the margin tubular and re- curved, interstices between the ribs concave. Hanley, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 225 Hob. South Carolina. A shell of large size and rather rough growth, in which the ribs are rather distant, and armed with spines, which towards the margin are recurved and tubular. PINNA. Flate aculeato-squamosa, Clieniuitz . . . VI. alta, Soioerby VT. angustana, Lamarck XX VII. assimilis, Hanky XXXI. atro-purpurea, Soioerby XXII. attenuata, Reeve XXIV. bicolor, Chemnitz IX. buUata, Swainson IX. Carolinensis, Hanley XXXI\ . Chemuitzii, Hanley !■ Cumingii, Hanky XVI. deltodes, Menke XXI. rfofairrt^a, Lamarck . . IX. D'Orbignyi, Hanky XXVI. electrina, Reeve XIV. cuglypta, Hanky . ... XX. fimbriatula XXXIII. flabellura, Lamarck X. fumata, Hanky XV. Gouldii, Hanky XI. Hanley i, /few VUI. hatid-ignobiUs, Cliemnitz X. hyslrix, /TrtH/cy XXXII. incurvata, CliemnU: ^ • inflala, Chemnil: HI- ingens. Pennant XXV 111 Japonica, Hanley XXV. lanceolata, Sowerby XXXI. lurida, Reeve XIII. madida, ifcn-c ^^""^^ marina, Chemnitz "■ Maura, Sowerby . . XXIX. Menkei, Hanky XYIll muricata, Linnaus Xlll. mutica, Reeve XV III. nobilis, Linnceus XXX. nigra, Chemnitz IH- niyrina, Lamarck HI- NutlalUi, Conrad I^'- papyracea, Chemnitz VIll. pectinata, LinncBua XXII. pernula, Chemnitz XII. Philippinensis, Hanky XI. penna, Reeve XXI. ramulosa, Reeve XXVIIl. regia, Hanky XXX. rigida, Billwyn V. rotundata, Linnasm H- rudis, Linnaus X. rugosa, Sowerby XX\I. Rumphii, Hanky V. saccatn, Linnaus IV- sanguinoleuta. Reeve XXXII 1. aeminuda, Lamarck H- seraicostata, Conrad X\l. serra, Reeve XXIII. serrata, Solander XXXIV. squamosa, Gmelin il- squamifera, Sowerby VII. squamosissima, Philippi • H- Strangei, Hanky XXVII. Stutchburii, Reeve XXX III. subviridis. Reeve XVII. truneata, Philippi XIX. tuberculosa, Sowerby XX\ . vespertina, Reeve XXIII. vexiUum, Born XIX. virgata, MIenke XXI\ . Zebuensis, Reex-e XI v . Zelanica, Gray VII. tRRATUM. Plate XXII.. Sp. 4.2, F. pectinaia, dele synonym P. injlaln, Cliemnitz. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS P E R N A " His well-proportioned beard made rough and rugged. Like to the summer's corn by tempest lodged." Shakspeare. Jhna, n I. PERN A. Plate I. Genus PEE.NA, Lamarck. Tesla plamdata, fihro-laminaris, swbaqnivalvis, timbonihim parvk, icepe term'maUhiis et aduncis. Cardo latiis, r,iar- ffinalis, sidcia parallelk ligamentum excipientibus. Lacuna pro bi/sso infra cardinis extremitateni posii- cam. Ji/ipressio muscularis obliqua, distlncta. Shell flat, fibro-laminar, nearly equivalve, umboes small, often terminal and hooked. Hinge broad, marginal, with parallel grooves receiving the ligament. Open- ing for the byssus beneath the posterior extremity of the hinge. Muscular impression oblique, distinct. The shells assembled under the head of Perna are cha- racterized by a special construction of the hinge, and like the Aoicidrs, they attacli themselves by a tough, bristly byssus. The hinge is in the form of a broad, marginal plate cut across vvitli regular parallel grooves, and the in- termediate ridges do not interlock with each other like teeth, but press in contact, leaving the cavities between them for the reception of the ligament. The shells of Perua have a strong affinity with those of Malleus, in respect of their winged and laminar growth, but they altogether differ in the arrangement of the hinge and byssus. They are chiefly from the Eastern seas. A few are from the West Indies and the Pacific islands. lamina: fimbriately scaled, umboes arched, hooked ; dull-olive. Distinguished by a neat sculpture of flattened, over- lapping, concentric frills of scales. Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.) Perna lobata. Pern, icstd subquadratd, utrinqne con- cavo-compressd, medio longitudinaliter lobutd, concn- trice rudi laminatd ; pnrpicrascmte-albd. The lobed Perna. Shell somewhat square, conoavely compressed on each side, longitudinally lobed in the middle, concentrically rudely laminated; purplish- white. HnL. ? Of a contracted trapezoid form, with the laminee pressed into a central lobe projecting longitudinally. Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) Perna Cumingii. Pern, tesld siiborbiculari, latere antico basaliproducto, crassiusculd, concentrice rudi laminatd, radiatim sulcata, laminis subfimbriatis ; violaceo-pur- pnred,fusco tincld. Cuming's Peuna. Shell somewhat orbicular, basal an- terior side produced, rather thick, concentrically rudely laminated, radiately grooved, laminte slightly frilled ; violet-purple, tinged with brown. Eab. Australia. This fine species has probably been confounded with P. epMppium, but it is well distinguished by its radiating grooves, which impart a frilled character to the concentric lammse. Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.) Perna nucleus. Pern, testa subquadrato-ovali, concen- trice laminatd, laminis ad margineni striato-fimbriatis, umbonibus arcuatis, aduncis ; sordide olivaced. The hard-crusted Perna. Shell somewhat squarely ovate, concentrically laminated, lamina; towards the margin striately frilled, umboes arched, hooked; dull- olive. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 78. Hab. ? J.ess fimbriated than the preceding species, witii the base broader, and the umboes still more sharpl hooked. Species 3. ( Mus. Cuming.) Perna pectinata. Pern, testd suborbiculari, pectlnatd, tenuieuld, concentrice nitide laminatd, laminis fimbri- ato-squamatis, imbonibus arcuatis, aduncis; sordide olivaced. The pectinate Perna. Shell soracnhat orbicular, pec- tinate, rather thin, concentrically neatly laminated. Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.) Perna caudata. Pern, testd oblique ovatd, cramv.sculd, postice longitudinaliter lobata, radiatim striata ; lutes- cente-albn, purpurascente-striald. The tailed Perna. Shell obliquely ovate, rather thick, posteriorly longitudinally lobed, radiately striated; yellowish-wldte, tinged with purple. Eab' ? Of a solid radiate growth, produced obliquely iuto a rude, longitudinal lobe. November, 1858. Tmia.Pt.ll. i Sovrcrby tldalj-i ViTj.ceni Brooks Imy. P E R N A Plate II. Species G. (Mus. Cuming.) Pekna QUADKANGULARis. Pern, testa, sub^uadrata, rude anyulatd, poHice concavo-impressd, versus cardinem lavigatd, deinde obscure ieime concentrice laminatd ; purpitreo-nigrescente. The sauARE Perna. Shell somewhat square, rudely angled, posteriorly concavely impressed, smooth to- wards the hinge, then obseurely, thinly, concentri- cally laminated ; purple-black. Uab. -^—'i A dark-purple species, of marked quadrangular growth, conspicuously concavely impressed beneath the area of the bvssus. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) Peena lingUjEFORMIS. Fern, testa hngitudinaU, versus cardinem irregulariter concentrice laminatd, deinde lavi ; sordide alba. The tongce-shaped Perna. Shell longitudinal, irre- gularly concentrically laminated towards the hinge, then smooth ; dead white. Hab. Society Islands. Of a longitudinal flexuous tongue-shajie and dead white hue. Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.) Perna ephippiu.m. Pern, testa subtrigono-orbiculari, plana, compresse laminatd, laminis fere obsoletis, la- tere antico anrtformi, concaviusculo ; aneo-rufescente. The saddle Perna. Shell somewhat triangularly orbi- cular, flat, compressly laminated, laminse almost ob- solete, anterior side ear-shaped, rather concave ; cop- pery-red. Ostrea ephippium, Linufeus, Syst. Nat. p. 1149. Perna ephippium, Lamarck. Hab. Honduras. This species, which appears to be the old type of the genus, is characterized by its flat, coppery-red aspect, the laminae being compressed or caked together so as to be almost obsolete. The anterior side of the shell is, more- over, of a peculiar concave ear-shape. Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.) Pekna laticostata. Pern, testa longitudinali, f ex ttosd, tri-quadricostatd et conspicue concentrice laminatd, deinde lavi ; sordide alba, purpureo-nigrescente versus extremitatem. tinctd. The broad-ribbed Perna. Shell longitudinal, flexu- ous, three- or four-ribbed and conspicuously concen- trically laminated, then smooth ; dead white, tinged towards the extremity with purple-black. Hah. ? Of a somewhat squarer longitudinally flexuous form than the preceding species, rudely rayed with three or four broad ribs. Species 10. (Mus. Cuming.) Perna vitrea. Pern, testa subquadraio-orbiculari, tenui, laevigata, vix laminatd ; nitente-castaned. The glassy Perna. Shell somewhat squarely orbicular, thin, smooth, scarcely laminated ; shining-chestnut. Hab. Red Sea. Unlike most species of the genus, this is of compara- tively thin substance, and of a shining, dark chestimt-red colour. March, 1858. Perruu, Pl.m. r-. arly (inl ctlrih Vincenv Brooks Imp P E R N A SjDecies 11. (Mus. Cuming.) Pekna Anomioides. Pern, testa oblique longitudinali, tenui, subpellueidd, concentrice peculiariter fimlriato- laminatd ; lutescente-albd. The Anomia-like Perna. Shell obliquely longitudinal, thin, rather transparent, concentrically peculiarly fim- briately laminated ; yellowish-white. Hab. California. A delicate yellowisii-wliite semitransparent shell, in which the concentric laminse are curiously fimbriated in a blistered-like manner. Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.) 1'ekna Australica. Pern, testa oblique Jlabellatd, tenui, subpellucidd, liris superficiariis serratis irregulariter dense radiatd ; riifescente-albd. The Australian Perna. Shell obliquely fan-shaped, thin, rather transparent, densely irregularly rayed with serrated superficial ridges ; reddish-white. Hab. Australia. Broadly obliquely fan-shaped, of thin, transparent sub- stance, peculiarly sculptured with irregularly fiexuous de- licately serrated superficial ridges. Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.) Persa Califoenica. Pern, testa oblique trigond vel Jlabellatd, tenuiculd, Icevi ; lutescente-albd, livido-pur- pureo nebulatd. The Californian Perna. Shell obliquely triangular or fan-shaped, rather thin, smooth ; yellowish-white, clouded with livid purple. Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. vol. vii. p. 25. pi. 19. f. 13. Hab. California; Conrad. Honduras; Dyson. Chiefly distinguished by its PedmnAiVt form, and clouded livid-piu-ple colouring. Species 14. (Mus. Cuming.) Perna serratula. Pern, testa trigono-orbiculari, tenui, pland, laminis tenuibus serratulis dense concentrice ra- diatd; sordide alba. The finely-serrated Perna. Shell triangularly orbi- cular, thin, flat, densely concentrically rayed, with flnely serrated laminse ; dead white. Hab. Islandof St. Vincent; Guilding. Philippine Islands; Well characterized by the delicately serrated laminae with which the whole surface is closely sculptured. Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.) Perna jiarsupium. Pern, testa orbiculari, solidiusculd, rude concentrice laminatd ; sordide alba, purpurascente tinctd. The purse Perna. Shell orbicular, rather solid, rudely concentrically laminated ; dead white, tinged with purple. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 77. Hab. Philippine Islands. Of a simply rounded form, of rude, rather solid sub- stance, indistinctly roughly laminated. March, 1858. Frnia, ?l. W. ^^Ticeux. BrookB Iin P E R N A. Plate IV Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.) Pebna costellata. Pern, testa elongato-Jlabellata, ra- diatim Jkxuoso-Urida, concenirice laminatd, lamiuis subremotis, acute Jimbriatis ; sordide alba, nigrescente- purpureo tinctd. The finely-ribbed Perna. Shell elongately fan-shaped, radiately flcxuously ridged, concentrically laminated, laminae rather distant, sharply fimbriated ; dead white, tinged witii dark purple. CoNiiAD, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil. vol. vii. p. 246. Hab. Society Islands. The lamina; of this species are frilled with small ser- rate points. Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.) Pekna Limoides. Pern, testa mbelongato-flabellaid, con- centrice fimbriato-laminatd, laminis planatis, subobso- letis ; piirpitrascente. The Lima-like Peena. Siiell somewhat elongately fan- shaped, concentrically fimbriately laminated, lamina flattened, rather obsolete ; purplish. Hab. Moluccas. AUied to the preceding species in having the festooned with small points, but difi^ering in substance and general character. Pebn/ Species 18. (Mus. Cuming.) FIMERIATA. Pern, testa elongato-oblongd, tenui- culd, compressd, concenirice fimbriato-squamatd, squa- mis versus marginem subproductis ; antice alatd, aid medio concavd et obscure liratd ; nigricante-purpured . The frilled Perna. Shell elongately oblong, rather thin, compressed, concentrically fimbriately sealed, scales towards the margin rather produced ; anteriorly winged, wing concave in the middle and obscurely ridged ; blackish-purple. Hab. Moluccas. A thin, dark-purple shell, in which concentric frills of produced scales form rather a conspicuous character. Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.) Pekna patibulum. Pern, testd elongatd, antice elongato- alatd, plano-laminatd, laminis obscuris, aid medio ser- rato-sulcatd ; semipellucido-purpured. The gibbet Perna. Shell elongated, anteriorly elon- gately winged, flatly laminated, lamina; obscure, wing serrately grooved in the middle; semitransparent purple. Hab. ? Chiefly distinguished by its elongately produced wing, of which the middle webbed portion is serrately grooved. March, 1858. Pen, a PI. V J>ow,T-by,.Jel.i'lL-K. ^l^ceixt Brook*, Jirqo. P E R N A Plate V. Species 20. (T\Ius. Cuming.) Pern'a Rvms. Pei-n. testa, subjlexuoso-elongald, rude la- miuaid, umbonihus rostratis, purpureo-fuscd. The uude Perna. Shell somewhat flexuously elongated, rudely Imuiiiated, umboes beaked, purple-brown. Hah. ? Of a flexuously elongated form, composed externally of rude concentric lamiu.'e, rather barren of character. Species 21. (Mus. Cuming.) Perna Vulsella. Pm-n.te.dd elongato-quadratdjingua- fonni, lavi, nitente, livido-fuscescente, albo radiatim limatd et fa^ciatd, iimboiiibus parvis, aduncis. The Vulsella Perna. Shell elongately square, tongue- shaped, smooth, shiniug, livid-brown, radiately liue- ated and banded with white, umboes small, hooked. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 7S. Hab. ? Distinguished by its smooth surface and white-banded p ^^ ^w-' ^-Fitch,afictiik. Vinocn,,oroaK.,La;p M A L L E U S. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) JLvLLEUS TiGRiNus. Mall, testd ovatd, suhpeciinatd, valide concentrice plicato-laminald, deinde tenui, obli- | que prolongatd ; albidd, parte tenui maculis purpureis 1 asperad. I The tiger-spotted Malleus. Shell ovate, somewhat ; pectinate, strongly concentrically plicately laminated, then thin, obliquely prolonged; whitish, the thin por- tion sprinkled with purple spots. Eab. Moluccas. It is a curious typical peculiarity of the smaller species of Malleus assembled in this Plate that the sculptured shell is formed as a nucleus about the umboes, from which pro- ceeds a more or less elongated, semitranspareut, irregular lamina. ^_^_ Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.) Malleus rufipunctatus. Mall, testd subtnyono-nvald, concentrice plicato-laminatd, deinde irregulariter tenue prolomjatd ; albidd, parte tenni livido-corned, maculis purpnrascente-rvjis obscure pictd. The ked-dotted Malleus. Shell somewhat trian- gularly ovate, concentrically plicately laminated, then irregular, thinly prolonged; whitish, thin portion livid- horny, obscurely painted with light purple-red spots. Hab. West Columbia ; Cuming. As in the preceding species, the most characteristic fea- ture lies in the colouring of the thin, irregular, protruding The shortened Malleus. Shell ovate or oblong, neatly laminated near the umboes, then very rough ; whitish, stained and spotted with purple. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 93. Hab. New Holland. Of a less delicate texture than cither of the preceding species, purple-spotted, with a rougher exterior. Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.) Malleus aquatilis. Mall, testd trapezoided, concentrice undato-plicatd, deinde tenue prolongatd, parte tenui pellucido-corned, obscure fasciatd. The rippled Malleus. Shell trapezoid, coucentrically wave-plaited, then thinly prolonged, the thiu portion transparent-horny, obscurely banded. Hab. Isle of Plata, West Columbia ; Cuming. The nucleated portion of this shell is arranged in con- spicuous trapezoid plaits, whilst the thin portion is ob- scurely banded. Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.) Malleus maculosus. Mall, testd trigono-qnadratd, parvd, .lubobscure laminatd, deinde tenui, aniplifer pro- longatd, tumidinscnld, pellucido-corned, purpureo ma- culosa. The freckled Malleus. Shell triangularly square, small, somewhat obscurely laminated, then thin, largely prolonged, rather swollen, trausparent-horny, spotted with purple. Hab. Lord Hood's Island, Pacific Oceau ; Cuming. The thin, prolonged lamina of tliis shell is almost blad- der-like, the sculptured nucleus having the appearance of a parasite upon it. Species 13. (Mus. Cumiug.) Malleus vesiculatus. Mull, testd subtrapezoided, con- centrice dense plicato-laminatd, deinde tenue prolon- gatd, parte tenui oblongo-quadratd, longitudinaliter lirato-slriatd, tumidd, irregulariter vesirulatd ; in- ten.te rufo-purpured. The blisteued Malleus. Shell somewhat trapezoid, 1 concentrically densely plicately laminated, then thinly prolonged, the thiu portion oblong-square, longitudinally ridge-striated, swollen, irregularly blis- tered ; deep reddish-purple. Ilab. Isle of Plata, West Columbia ; Cuming. The prolonged laminar growth of this species is singu- larly swollen and much blistered. bpecies 10. (Mus. Ciuuing.) Malleus decu status. Mull, testd ovatd vel oblongd, prupe umbones nitide laminatd, deinde valde rugosd ; albidd, purpureo tincld et maculatd. Species 13. (Mus. Cuming.) ^Malleus solitauius. Mall, tesld oblique elongatd, tenuis- sinid, pellucidd, pallide aneo-rufescenle, radiatim un- dato-liratd. The solitary Malleus. Shell obliquely elongated, very thin, transparent ; light coppery-red, radiately wave- ridged. Hab. Grimvvood's Island, Pacific Ocean; Cuming. A delicate, transparent, coppery-tinged shell, not be- longing to the nucleated type, which is cliaracteristic of the other species in this Plate. November, 1858. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS VULSELLA ' P'ree from extremes of ebb and flow, Not swelled too higb, nor sunk too low , Such shall thy life's smooth current be. Till from time's narrow shore set free. It mingle with the eternal sea." — Enghe. Vnhtiia PI I. i 'WT'H;-ti,cW.<;tllUv ViTxceul. brook.>.,ln\)j VULSELLA. Plate I. Genus VULSELLA, Lamarck. Testa longUudhialis, fibro-laminark, aquivnlvis, stibirregu- laria, umbonibus aqiialibus. Callitm cardinale in utraque valvd prommulum, superne depressum, cum fovea conicd oblique arcuatd desuper impressum, liga- mento inserto. Lnpressio muscularis subcentralk, versus basin dislincte imhtta. Shell longitudinal, fibro-laroincar, cquivalve, somewhat ir- regular, umboes equal. Hinge-callosity in each valve prominent, depressed at the upper part, impressed above with an oblic|uely-arched conical pit enclosing the ligament. Muscular impression nearly ceutral, distinctly marked towards the base. The shells which constitute the genus Vulsella are all of a dull-brown fibrous texture, of very irregular gi-owth, living chiefly imbedded in sponge. They present great similarity of sculpture, being mostly beset with laminae of minute crenulated scales, and the umboes are inva- riably attenuated and more or less hooked. The most conspicuous structure of the hinge is a central spoon- shaped pit, as in Mallens ; but besides this, the valves incline to recede from one another at the base, so as to form a sloping area. The list now numbers seventeen species, chiefly from the Bed Sea. Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella Pholadifoumis. Vul. iesld ehmgalo-trigond, gracili, decussatim Jimbriato-striald. The Pholas-shaped Vulsella. Shell elongately tri- angular, slender, decussately firabriately striated. Hab. Ceylon ; E. L. Layard. Distinguished by its slenderly triangular Pholas-shape. Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella Isocabdia. Fid. testa ovatd, depressd, umbo- nibus intortis, concentrice squamato-laminatis, squamis crenatis ; sordide alba obscure radiatd. The Isocakdia Vulsella. Shell ovate, depressed, um- boes turned inwards, concentrically squamately lami- nated, scales crenated; dirty-white, obscurely rayed. Eab. Red Sea. The surface of this species is almost wholly overlaid with a plating of finely-pointed scales, the umboes being convoluted inwards, as in Isocardia. Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella Tasmanica. Vul. testa subtrigono-ovaid, rudi, dislortd, umbonibtts parvis, dense squamato-striatis ; ferrngineo-albd. The Tasmanian Vulsella. Shell somewhat triangu- larly ovate, rude, distorted, umboes small, densely squamately striated ; rusty-white. IIu2). Tasmania. Of very uncouth growth, closely scale-striated, and rusty-white. Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella Mytilina. Vul. testa oblongo-ovatd, aniice subcompressd, solidiusculd, obscure decussatim squam.a- to-striatd ; ferrugineo-albd. The Mytilus-shaped Vulsella. Shell oblong-ovate, anteriorly somewhat compressed, rather solid, ob- scurely decussately squamately striated ; rusty-white. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 268. Hab. Ked Sea ; Dr. Riippell. More sohd, and less definitely scaled than its congeners. Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella attenuata. Vid. testa elongato-attenuatd, ad extrendtatem depresso-subquadratd, radiatim obscure squamato-striatd ; corneo-albidd, deinde livido-purpu- rascenle-brunned. The attenuated Vulsella. Shell elongately attenuated, depressly subquadrate at the extremity, radiately obscurely scale-striated; horny-white, then livid- purple-brown. Eab. Ecd Sea. The example of this species here figured may be more than ordinarily attenuated, owing to some external condi- tions in its situation of gn'owth. Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella lingulata. Vul. testa elongatd, recta, concen- November, 1S58. VULSELLA.— Plate L trice striata, fused, lineis fasciisque pallidioribits un- datim pictd. TriK TONGUE-SHAPED VULSELLA. Shell elongated, straight, concentrically striated, brown, painted in a waved manner with lighter bands and lines. Mya Fulsella, Linnscus, Syst. Nat. p. 1113. Fulsdla lingulata, Lamarck. Hab. Ked Sea. This original and well-known species far transcends the reraaiiider in size and general definition of character. Species 7. (Fig. 7 and 8, Mus. Cuming.) \' ULSELLA ROGOSA. Vul. testd obUjue oblongd, subarcuatd, planulatd, lotigitudhialiter rugosd, striis transverais crenatis rugas decussantibus ; purpureo-fuscd. The wrinkled Vusella. Shell obliquely oblong, some- what arched, flat, longitudinally wrinkled, with cre- nated transverse stria; crossing the wrinkles; purple- brown. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 268. Hab. Red Sea. A rugose purple-brown species, having a somewhat obliquely ai'ched growth. Species 9. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella crenclata. Vul. testa ovato-trapezoided, squamato-laminatd, squamis crenulatis ; sordidi ali/d. The crenulated Vulsella. Shell ovately trapezoid, squamately laminated, scales crenulated ; dirty-whiti-. Eab. Red Sea. Very similar to V. Imcardia in sculpture. VuUdlaTl.E. \ • 9^ % Sow:^b7,Stl.<-l.lil::!:L. Vjncaiil: Bi-i>oks,Tnip \ U L S E L L A Species 10. (Fig. 10 « and 10 i, Mus. Cuiniiij.-.) VuLSELL.*. TjIM^bformis. rul. testd subpectiuald, ventri- cosd, teimissimi crenulato-squamatd ; sordide alba. The Lima-shaped Vulsella. Shell subpectinate, ven- trieose, very fiuely crenulately squaraate ; dirty-wliite. Hab. Port Adelaide, South Australia. This little species, of whicli Fig. 10 b represents a group invested with spouge, is characterized by a subpectinate auriculated growth on each side of the uraboes, which gives it a LimnAWe appearance. coiicentrici dense Inmiiui/is, laminis cremdaio-squa- malis ; sordide fused. The festooned Vulsella. Shell attenuately wedge- shaped, concentrically densely laminated, larainse crenulately scaled; dirty-brown. Hab. Zanzibar. Of a characteristic Mi/lilus form, densely sculpturetl throughout with festoons of crenulately scaled laminas. Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella imiasianoi'TEka. I'hI. testa elongato-cunei- ' formi, versus nmbones attenuatd, dense scabroso-striatd ; i fused, radiis pallidis angustis subwndatis 7iitide pictd. \ The pheasant's-wino Vulsella. Shell elongately i wedge-shaped, attenuated towards the umboes, dense- j ly scabrously striated ; brown, neatly painted with waved narrow pale bands. Hab. Australia. An attenuated Mr/tilus-Yike form, exquisitely painted in somewhat resembling that of F. Unyidata. Species 12. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella rudis. Vul. testa oblongo-quadratd, obliqud, rudi, subirregulariter laminatd, minutmime cremdato- sqtiamatd ; sordide fimcescente . The rude Vulsella. Shell oblong-square, oblique^ rude, somewhat irregularly laminated, very minutely \ crenulately scaled; dull-brown. Hab. Swan river, Australia. Of rude, irregular growth, yet minutely crenulately scaled, so as to give the surface a somewhat granular ap- pearance. Species 13. (Fig. \?> a and 13 A, Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella LiNGUA-FELis. T'ld. testa ovatd, inedio lalius- culd, nndique dense cmmhto-squamatd, squamis sub- j erectis ; spadiceo-fiiscd. The cat's-tongue Vulsella. Shell ovate, rather broad . across the middle, densely crenulately scaled through- ' out, scales somewhat erect ; liay-hrown. Hab. ? This species is distinguished by its thick-set coating of comparatively erect crenulated scales. Fig. 13 i represents a group invested with sponge. Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella spongiarum. Ful. testd oblomjd, arcuatd, ad basin htiusculd, umbo/iibus divergentibus, radiatim minutissime crenulato-squamatd ; fuscescente. The sponge Vulsella. Shell oblong, arched, rather broad at the base, umboes diverging, radiately very minutely crenulately scaled ; light-brown. L.vMARCK, Anira. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 268. Hab. Suez. Although it is a generic character of the Fulsella to have the umboes diverge from each other with advancing growth, they appear to be more than usually divergent in this species. Species 16. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella hians. Ful. testa oblongo-quadratd, subobli- qud, antice hiante, rude laminatd, radiatim cremdato- sqtiamatd, radtm undulatis ; fused. The gaping Vulsella. Shell oblong-square, rather oblique, gaping in fiont, rudely laminated, radiately crenulately striated, rays a little waved ; brown. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 267. Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. Of somewhat rude irregularly laminated growth, gaping in front, and sometimes a little gaping behind, with the crenulated scales, which is the predominating sculpture of this genus, ranged in waving rays. Species l-l. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella corollata. Ful. testa attennato-t Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.) Vulsella trita. Ful. testd subtrigono-o^:atd, latiusculd, solidd, concentrice striata, inedio Imeigatd ; spadiceo- fttscd. The worn Vulsella. Shell somewhat triangularly ovate, rather broad, solid, concentrically striated, smooth in the middle ; bay-brown. Hab. Red Sea. A more solid species than usual, with no perceptible in- dication of crenulated scales. November, 1S5^ MONOGRAPH or THE GENUS CRENATULA " Natare nerer did betray The heart that loved her ; 'tis her privilege, Through all the years of this our life, to lead From joy to joy ; for she can so inform The mind that is within us, so impress With quietness and beauty, and so feed With lofty thoughts, that neither evil tongues, Rash judgments, nor the sneers of selfish men. Nor greetings where no kindness is, nor all The dreary intercourse of daily life Shall e'er prevail agaiust us or disturb Our cheerful faith, that all which we behold Is fiiU of blessings." — Wordsworth. Cniudnlii Pi I. VinccTaiVo.iV-j.lji-^. CRENATULA. Plate I. Genus CRENATULA, Lamarck. Testa tenuis, subaquivahis, complanata, plerumque concm- trke striata, Jibro-laminaris, obliqua. Cardo lateralis, linearis, marginalis, crenulatm ; creiiis in seriem orcU- natis, callosis, subexcavatis, ligamentum, excipieniihus. Impressio miiscidaris oblmiga, indistincta. Shell thin, nearly equivalve, smooth, mostly concentrically striated, fibro-laminar, oblique. Hinge lateral, linear, marginal, crenulated ; creuulcs set in a row, caDous, rather hollow, receiving the ligament. Muscular im- pression oblong-, indistinct. This very characteristic genus was established about half a century ago, by Lamarck, in the ' Annales du Mu- seum' of Paris. It is a member of the family of Aviculacece, and is distinguished by a narrow linear hinge, presenting a row of hollow crenules or jutting cavities for the recep- tion of the ligament. But concomitant with this are other peculiarities of not inferior importance. The shells are all of a delicate horny substance, and of a constant obliquely quadrate or obliquely ovate growth; and it is their habit to live imbedded in sponge. All the species ai-e from the Red Sea except a new one, which 1 have the pleasure of introducing, of a very dis- tinct typical form, from New Caledonia. Species 1. (Rg. 1 a and 1 b, Mus. Cuming.) Ceenatula nigeina. Oren. testa oblique ovatd, suhun- dato-distortd, antice rotundatd, postice declivi-angu- latd, nigrim, corned, concentrice interrupte plicaio- striatd; radiis fuscescentibus distantibtcs undulatis sub- ohscure pictd. The black Crenatula. Shell obliquely ovate, some- what wave-distorted, anteriorly rounded, posteriorly slopingly angled, black, horny, concentrically inter- ruptedly plicately striated, rather obscurely painted with waved, distant, brownish rays. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 72. Hub. Red Sea. Chiefly distinguished by its painting of distant faint brown rays upon a black horny ground. Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.) Crenatula viridis. Oren. icstd transverse ovatd, sub- obliqud, convexd, antice rotundatd, postice snbangulato- productd, teniii, concentrice striata; viridi, pallide radiatd etfasciatd. The green Crenatula. Shell transversely ovate, rather oblique, convex, anteriorly rounded, posteriorly an- gularly produced, thin, concentrically striated ; green, faintly rayed and banded. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 72. Hab. Red Sea. A species of delicate homy substance, easily recognized by its Anodon-\\k& form, and bright-green colour. Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) Crenatula avicularis. Cren. testa trigono-flahellata, declive utrinque angulari, versus umlones attenuatd, dcpressd, concentrice interrupte pUcato-striatd ; ritfes- cente-ttigrd, radiis linearibtts rufo-fnscis profuse pictd. The avicular Crenatula. Shell triangularly fan- shaped, slopingly angular on each side, attenuated towards the umboes, depressed, concentrically inter- ruptedly plicately striated; reddish-black, profusely painted with linear red-brown rays. Lamarck, Ann. du Mus. vol. iii. pi. 3. f. 1, 3. Hub. Red Sea. Distinguished by its sloping, angular form, and profuse brown-rayed painting. Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.) Crenatula bicostalis. Cren. testd subquadrato-ovatd, antice convexd, rotundatd, postice concavd, abbreviato- angtdatd, medio obscure radiatim bi-tricostafd, costit subnodosis, concentrice striata ; nigra. The two-ribbed Crenatula. Shell somewhat squarely ovate, anteriorly convex, rounded, posteriorly con- cave, shortly angled, obscurely rayed in the middle with two or three ribs, which are slightly noduled ; black. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 72. Hab. Red Sea. In this spe(j)es there is a more characteristic difference between the convex anterior portion of the shell, and the concave posterior part, which describes a more contracted angle. About the middle, radiating from the umboes, there is a faint indication of noduled ribs. November, IS Crenatul^L PI. R. Vjn«jd.Bioolo.Jm CRENATULA Plate II. Species 5. (Fig. 5 a and 5 b, Mus. Cuming.) Cebnatula flammea. Cren. testa transverse ovatd, sub- angustd, obliqud, rude convexd, tenui, concentrke stri- ata; rubidd,fasciis acute undaiis pallidis varie distan- tibus pecuUariter oblique Imliginosdjlammatd. The flamed Crenatula. Shell transversely ovate, rather narrow, oblique, rudely convex, thin, concen- trically striated ; red, flamed with variously distant zigzag pale bands, which are peculiarly obliquely freckled. Hab. New Caledonia. This interesting species differs materially from the Red Sea type. It is of a rather narrow transverse oval form, convex and thin, and of a dull coppery-red colour, more or less rayed with sharply zigzag bands and lines, which are curiously obliquely freckled across. Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.) {'benatdla I'ICTa. Cren. testa transversa oblongo-quad- ratd, oblique subundatd, depressd, umbonibus rostratis, concentrice interrupte plicato-striatd ; rufescente-nigrd, radiis linearibus rufo-fuscis profuse plctd. The painted Crenatula. Shell transversely oblong- square, obliquely slightly waved, depressed, umboes beaked, concentrically interruptedly plicately striated; reddish-black, profusely painted with red-brown linear rays. Ostreapicta, Gmclin, Syst. ^S'at. n. 127. Crenatula picta, Deshayes. Crenatula phasianoptera, Lamarck. Eab. Red Sea. Except in form, there is no difference between this spe- cies and C. avicularis. The colouring is identical. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) Crenatula folium. Cren. testa transverse rhomboided, oblique cotivexd, utrinque obtuse angulatd; livido-albidd, costis nodosis opaco-albis radiatd. The leaf Crenatula. SheU transversely rhomboid, obliquely convex, obtusely angled on each side; livid- white, rayed with opaque-white noduled ribs. Gray, Brande's Journal, pi. 2. f. 81. Bab. Red Sea. Characterized by a pale-Uvid hue, rayed with noduled ribs of opaque-white. Species 8. (Mus. Cuming.) Crenatula Mytiloides. Cren. testa oblique subquad- ratd vel oblowjd, prope umbonea convexd, deinde de- pressd, dense concentrice striata, lavi ; piirpureo-nigrd. The Mytilus-like Crenatula. Shell obliquely sub- quadrate or oblong, convex near the umboes, then depressed, densely concentrically striated, smooth; purple-black. Lamarck, Ann. du Mus. vol. iii. p. 30. pi. 2. f 3, 4. Hab. Red Sea. Mostly somewhat distorted in form, jet-black, without any indication of rays. November, 1858. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS UMBRELLA. ' A lovely dwelling by the wave Of the blue deep which bathes Italia's shore. Far from all sounds but rippling seas, that lave Grey rocks with foliage richly shadow'd o'er. And sighing winds, that murmur through the wood Fringing the beoch of that Hesperian flood." Mrs. Hema/is fTmhrdUi PI. I. 40' ^. OcA-cr,By,(ld.cL Tith. Wmcent Bj-ookJn UMBRELLA Plate I. Genus UMBRELLA, Lamarck. Testa orbicularis, planulata, superne converiusctda, vertice minimo, subcenlrali, inferne concaviwscald, disco cen- trali, impressione musculari irreguhri contiaud ad ceHtrum circidariter imbutd. Shell orbicular, flat, rather convex at the upper part, with a very small nearly central vertex, rather concave be- neath, impressed with a central disc, having an irre- gular continuous muscular impression around it. The "Chinese Parasol" of the older Prenoh naturalists being found to differ in general character from the rest of the Limpet tribes, a genus was created for its reception by Lamarck, under the title of Umbrella. On the discovery of the animal it was found to be a large tumid warty mass, with the shell imbedded flat upon the back. The principal species has a wide range throughout the Eastern seas ; a second species inhabits the Mediterranean; and third was collected by Mr. Cuming at the mouth of tlie Chu-iqui river, in the Bay of Panama. Species 1. (Fig. 1 a and 1 b, Mus. Cuming.) Umbrella Indica. Umb. testd stMus concaviusculd, ra- diatim striata, alba, medio intense aurantio-sulphured, extus concenlrice striatd, margine undulatd ; carneo- albidd, radiatimfasciatd,fasciisfascescentibus, epider- mide plicatd indutd. The Indian Umbrella. Shell rather concave beneath, radiately striated, white, deep orange-sulphur in the middle, concentrically striated without, waved at the margin; flesh- white, radiately banded, bands brownish, covered with a plicated epidermis. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert, vol vii. p. 573. Patella umbellata and Sinica, Gmelin. Hab. Eastern seas. Fig. 1 o in the accompanying Plate represents a speci- men rather more than usually convex, in a very fresh state of preservation, being covered with an epidermis, which, on the radiating bands, is set in thick-set folds. Fig. 1 b shows the richly orange-sulphur interior of a specimen of larger and flatter growth. Species 2. (Mus. Cuming.) Umbrella Mediterranea. Umb. testa ovata, tenuiculd, depressd, concentrice interdum rugoso-plicatd ; carneo- albidd, subobscure fuscescente radiatd, siibtm medio pallide sulphured. The Mediterranean Umbrella. Shell ovate, rather thin, depressed, concentrically, sometimes rugosely plicated; fiesh-white, rather obscurely rayed with light-brown beneath, pale-sulphur in the middle. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 574. Umbrella Lamarcklmia, Recluz. Ilab. Mediterranean Sea. A much less solid species than the preceding, with little appearance of radiating striae on the inner surface. M. Recluz described, in 1843, Revue Soc. Cuvierienne, p. 109, a second species of Umbrella from the Mediter- ranean, but his views in this respect have not been con- firmed. Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) Umbrella ovalis. Umh. testd ovali, fenui, subpellucidd, planulata subtus aurantio-albd, lavijatd, extus concen- trice striatd, margine inlegrd, vertice parvo; carneo- albidd, fuscescente pallide remote radiatd, epidermide tenui indiitd. The oval Umbrella. Shell oval, thin, rather transpa- rent, orange-white beneath, smooth, concentrically striated without, entire at the margin, vertex small ; flesh-white, feintly distantly rayed with brown, co- vered with a thin epidermis. CARPENTER, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 161. Eab. Mouth of the Chiriqui river. Bay of Panama ; Cum- ing. The specific differences in this genus are slight and va- riable, but the discovery in the above-named locality of a genus of so characteristic a type as Umbrella, hitherto known only in the eastern hemisphere, adds materially to the importance of the species. November, 1858. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS PEDUM. " O Natr all-sufficient ! over all 1 Enrich me ivith the kiioi ivlcdge of thy works!" Thomson ■^^' ^' 'pji.y,afii .-i.iia, PedmrvTl I f\ VmccTitBrooks.Imp. PEDUM. Genus PEDUM, Bruguiere. Testa longittuUnalk vel cnneiformis, compressa, inaquivalvis, subauriculata; valvd in/eriore convexiuseuld, ad latera refiexd, prope cardiiiem profundi sinuatd, valvd supe- riore pland. Cardo edentulua, ligamento partim ex- terna infosmld canaliformi sub aream prodiictam vaha inferioris. Shell longitudinal or wedge-shaped, compressed, inequi- valve, slightly eared ; lower valve rather convex, re- flected at the sides, deeply sinuated near the hinge, lower valve flat. Hinge toothless, with the ligament partially external contained within a channelled pit running across a produced area of the lower valve. The earliest publication of the shell which forms the subject of this genus was the mention of " a rare Oyster from the Indies," nearly a hundred years ago, in the 'Catalogue Eaisonne' of Davila. Gmelin and Chemnitz observing, almost simultaneously, its resemblance to Spon- dylus, named it " the Spondylus-like Oyster, Ostrea Spon- dyloideum ;" but Bruguiere, while establishing some impor- tant improvements in the clnssification of shells in the • Encyclopedie Methodique,' perceived the remarkable pe- culiarities of this so-called Oyster, and founded the genus Pedum for its special reception. Until lately this shell continued to be one of great rarity. It has now, however, been found in comparative abundance in the Ked Sea, im- bedded chiefly in masses of madrepore. No second species has been discovered. The animal of Pedmn, according to the observations of MM. Quoy and Gaimard, made during the voyage of the 'Astrolabe,' partakes of the character of those of /^;oMf/^te« and Pecten, but its shell is quite unique in structure, being slight in substance, reflected at the sides, and hav- ing, with its ligamentary area, an unusually deep sinus for the passage of the byssus. Species 1. (Fig. a, 4, c, d, e, Mus. Cuming.) Pedum Sponuyloideum. Fed. testa longitudinaliter vel ovato-cmieiformi, planulatd, superiore longitudinaliter striata, striis granulato-scalris ; alba, purpureo-rufo plus mimes tinctd et transversim fasciatd. The Spondylus-like Pedum. Shell longitudinal or ovately wedge-shaped, flat, upper valve longitudi- nally striated, striae granulately scabrous; white, more or less stained and transversely banded with purple-red. Ostrea Spondyloidea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 13th edit. p. 3335. Hah. Red Sea (in madrepore). Of the specimens of this well-known and interesting shell represented in the accompanying Plate, Pig. 1 a illustrates its early stage of growth, while Pig. 1 d is a fine adult, and Fig. 1 c similarly adult, but a dwarf variety. Pig. 1 (/ is a chai-acteristic white variety, almost uniformly more rounded than the typical form ; and Pig. 1 e shows a mass of madrepore with a young Pedum in its natural habitat. November, 1858. MONOGRAPH OF THE (JENUS I A N T H I N A " Yet kuow not what we fear. But float upoa a wild and violent aea, Each way, and move." — Shakspeare. ••J^, -'^ Inn thin a PL I. ^^^ C >^^: -*«i^'^ I A N T H I N A Genus lANTHINA, Lamarck. Testa subylobosa, nunc depressa nunc conoidea, rarissime umiUicata, tenuis, subpellucida, plus minus violaceo tincia, anfraclibus iiiterdum lavibns, interdum laniel- lato-rugosis, ruyis ad peripheriam sinuanlibus, eolu- melld tenui, prolongatd, aperlurd subampld, labro simplici, medio plerumque sinuato vel etnarginalo. Shell subglobose, sometimes depressed, sometimes conoid, veiy rarely umbilicated, thin, subtransparent, more or less stained with violet, whorls sometimes smooth, sometimes lamellately wrinkled, the wrinkles sinua- ting at the periphery, columella thin, prolonged, aper- ture rather large, lip simple, generally sinuated or notched in the middle. The beautiful oceanic shells comprised in this mono- graph are not uncommon, but they have never been spe- cially investigated, and their varieties of form have never been fairly submitted to the test of comparison. To argue that the shells of lanthina are all modifications of one and the same species, varying according to sex or geographical position, simply because they are characterized by an un- usual uniformity of convolution and colour, is erroneous. The specific differences of shells are often best defined where there is a marked resemblance of general character, and so it is with lanthina. This mollusc, as is well known, is an inhabitant of the open sea, feeding on the gelatinous Velella and other surface fry, and buoying itself on the waves by means of an agglomeration of air-bladders, be- neath which are secreted the eggs. It results that the lanthinte have a wide range of habitation, and few shore stations are recorded as habitats except where a tempes- tuous sea may have wafted the animal in troops upon the sands at comparatively distant intervals. Instances are known where a period of twenty years and more has elapsed before the locality has been again visited by the same mollusc. In some tropical waters, on the other hand, the lanthina have been observed in such shoals as to be deposited on the shore in a series of violet ripples. To relate the history of lanthina we must go back two centuries and a half, to the time of Fabius Colonna, a member of the illustrious house of Colonna, who wrote a special work on the purple-yielding creatures of the ocean, De Purpura, etc., 1616, and to whom the lanthina, both shell and animal, was known. Linnaaus included a species in his genus Heliic. Lamarck observed and de- scribed two species, founding the present genus for their reception, and ten more have been described since bis time in different works by De Blainville, Leach, D'Orbigny, Menke, and others. Owing to the gregarious habits of the lanthina, their habitats are very imperfectly known. The Atlantic and Pa- cific Oceans lay claim to all that have been actually cap- tured. Three species are recorded by Forbes and Hanley as having been washed upon the British shores, and I have authority for adding a fourth. Species 1. (Fig. 1 a and 1 b, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina koseola. lanth. testa ovato-conicd, spird subelatd, anfractibua convexis, oblique plicato-striatis, spiraliter subobsolete lineari-suleatis ; calcareo-albidd, subopacd, violascente tinctd, subtus vivide violaced, columella et apertures fauce carneo-rosaceis; colunielld prolongatd, teiuw contorta. The koseate Ianthina. Shell ovalely conic, spire somewhat elevated, whorls convex, obliquely plicately striated, spirally rather obsoletely linearly grooved ; chalk-white, rather opaque, faintly tinged with violet, deep-violet beneath, columella and interior of the aperture tinged with flesh-rose ; columella prolonged, thinly twisted. Hab. Island of Nicobar. The chief characteristics of this species consist in the semi-opaque chalky texture of the last whorl, which is more convex than in the nearest allied form, /. affinis ; and in the surface being more or less obsoletely spirally linearly grooved or scratched. The roseate colouring of the aperture and columella are also peculiar. The speci- mens in Mr. Cuming's possession were collected at the Island of Nicobar in the voyage of the ' Galatea.' Species 2. (Fig. 2 a and 2 b, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina affinis. lanlh. testa ovato-conicd, spird sub- elatd, anfractibm decliti-convexis, submalleatis, siiper- ficiliater decussatim striatis; violascente-albd, nitidius- culd, subtus intense violaced; columelld tenue recurvd. The allied Ianthina. Shell ovately conic, spire somewhat elevated, whorls slopingly convex, some- what indented, superficially decussately striated; vio- December, 185 S. lANTHINA.— Plate I. let-white, rather shining, deep-violet beneath ; colu- mella thinly recurved. HaO. ? Though so very similar in form to the preceding species, there is a depression and indented character about the sur- face of the last whorl which a])pears to be constant. There is no indication of the roseate hue which tinges the aperture and columella alike in all the specimens we have seen of /. roseola. Species 3. (Fig. 3 a and 3 b, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina grandis. lanth. testa subgloboso-turbinatd, apice depressiusculd, anfractibus tumidis, rotundatis, de suturis declwis, ultimo gradatim descendente, obli- que striatis, lineis paucis flexuoso-sulcatis spiraliter decussatis ; intense violaced, prope apicem albicante; columella tenuissime recurvn, delude sinuoso-contortd. The large Ianthina. Shell somewhat globosely tur- binated, rather depressed at the apex, whorls swollen, rounded, sloping from the sutures, the last whorl gra- dually descending, obliquely striated, decussated spi- rally with a few flexuously grooved lines; deep-violet, whitish near the apex; columella very thinly re- cui-ved, then sinuously twisted. Hab. ? This fine species may probably be the exotic represen- tative of our British /. communis, resembling it both in form and in intensity of colour. The whorls slope more from the sutures, and the last one descends more than usually below the previous whorl. The surface is moreover cha- racterized by a distinct pattern of flexuous linear grooving. Species 4. (Fig. 4 a and 4 b, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina casta. lanth. testa depresso-turbinatd, an- fractibus late declivibus, deinde subanguste rotundatis, striis tenuibus impressis undique cingulatis ; purpu- rascente-violaced, versus apicem cceruleo-albicante ; colu- mella arcuatd, rejlexd, aperturd transversa, medio sub- sinuatd. The chaste Ianthina. Shell deprcssly turbinated, whorls widely sloping, then narrowly rounded, en- circled throughout with fine impressed stria; ; pur- plish-violet, bluish-white towards the apex ; colu- mella arched, reflected, aperture transverse, slightly sinuated in the middle. ffab. ? Distinguished by a more than usually depressed form, in which the striae of growth are less conspicuously pli- cated, whilst the spiral impressed striae, though minute, are numerous and well defined. Species 5. (Fig. 5 a and 5 b, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina communis. lanth. testa depresso-semiglobosd, subtus planulaid, anfractibus declivi-convexis, subrude decussatim striatis; supra albicante, infra purpuras- cente-violaced, circa columellam albicante ; columella subcontorto-reflexd, aperturd transversa, medio paulo sinuatd. The common Ianthina. Shell depressly semiglobose, flattish beneath, whorls slopingly convex, rather rudely decussately striated ; white above, purplish- violet below, white round the columella; columella rather twistedly reflected, aperture transverse, a little sinuated in the middle. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 4. Helix ianthina, Linnaeus. Ianthina bicolor, Menke. Ianthina penieephala, Peron. Hab. Mediterraniau and Atlantic. This species is distinct from I. fragilis of the West Indies and Mazatlan though nearly related to it. The spe- cimen here figured was captured by Mr. Cuming in the Atlantic. Icunthiim FIR. fm £^:^. ^^ ■^.. »-?»«i«^ "'flnceiit BroolcB huf I A N T H I N A . Species 6. (Fig. 6 a and 6 d, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina fragilis. lanih. testa depresso-conoided, anfractlbiu su/jplano-decliviius, striis obliquis minu- tis et spiralibus impressis, undique decusiatu ; supra violaceo-albicante, infra interne niolaced ; columella ■mbrecld. The fragile Ianthina. Shell depressly conoid, whorls rather flatly sloping, everj'where decussated with mi- nute oblique and spiral impressed strise ; violet-white above, deep-violet beneath; columella nearly straight. Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. sans vert. 1801, p. 89. Ianthina striulata, Carpenter. Eab. West Indies; Mazatlan ; California. Lamarck appears to have confounded two other species with this, naming it first /. fragiUs and afterwards I. com- munis. For the second of these from the Atlantic and Me/' diterranean, the name /. communis should be retained. For the third, inhabiting our own shores, I propose to take the name /. Britannica, given to it, according to Mr. Jeffrey, by Dr. Leach. Species 7. (Fig. 7 a and 7 b, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina c^ruleata. lantk. testa depresso-turblnatd, spird parvd, anfractibus deelivi-convexis, oblique sub- rude pUcato-striatis, spiraliter dense minute malleato- striatis ; intense cceruleo-violacea, versus apicem albi- cante, fascia lata pallida circa columellam ; columella subrectd, appresso-reflexd ; aperturd transversa, medio The blue-stained Ianthina. Shell depressly turbi- nated, spire small, wborls slopingly convex, obliquely rather rudely plicately striated, spirally densely mi- nutely indentedly striated; deep blue-violet, whitish towards the apex, with a broad pale band round the columella; columella nearly straight, appressly re- flected ; aperture transverse, sinuated in the middle. Hab. ? The special sculpture of this species appears in the form of minute indented strise, and the colour is of a peculiar blue-staiued violet. Species 8. (Eig. 8 a and 8 b, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina Africana. lanth. testa subgloboso-turbinatd, ventricosd, apice subobtusd, anfractibus deelivi-convexis, deinde subangulatis, spiraliter superficialiter sulcaio- siriatis ; supra carulescenle-albidd, infra purpuras- cente-violaeed ; columella reflexd, a rcualu-productd, la- bro subampliter sinuato. The African Ianthina. Shell somewhat globosely turbinated, ventricose, rather obtuse at the apex, whorls slopingly convex, then slightly angled, spi- rally superficially groove-striated; bluish-white above purplish-violet beneath ; columella reflected, arcuatcly produced, lip rather largely sinuated. Hab. Zanzibar. Belonging to the same typical form of the genus as f. grandis, it is nevertheless more slopingly convex than that species, and is distinguished by a strong peculiarity of colouring. The delicate purplish-violet of the base terminates suddenly at the angle of the whorl, so as to show an unusually defined boundary. Species 9. (Fig. 9 a and 9 i, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina planospirata. lantli. testa depressd, anfrac- tibus deelivi-convexis, deinde subacute rotundatis, ob- lique subrude plicato-striniiJi ; citrulescente-albd, ad perip/ieriam purpuraseente-violaced ; columella arcu- atd, subdilatato-refiexd ; aperturd transversd, medio sinuatd. The FLAT-SPiHED Ianthina. Shell depressed, whorls slopingly convex, then rather sharply rounded, ob- liquely rather rudely plicately striated; bluish-white, purple-violet at the periphery; columella arched, some- what dilately reflected ; aperture transverse, sinuated in the middle. Adams and Reeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, p. 54. pi. 11. f. 10. Hab. Atlantic Ocean. Taken in the Atlantic by Sir Edward Belcher. It is less sharply angularly formed than I. fragilis, and is white- banded round the columella. Species 10. (Fig. 10 a and 10 i, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina trochoidea. lanth. testd pyramidali-conicd, solidiusculd, anfractibus deelivi-convexis, nUimo an- gulato, ad basin plano-concavo, decussatim strialis, suluris subrudibus; caruleo-albidd, basi purpuras- eente-violaced; columella tenue refexd, subconlortd ; aperturd ad angulum sinuatd. The trochoid Ianthina. Shell pyramidally conic, rather solid, whorls slopingly convex, last whorl angled, flatly convex at the base, decussately striated, sutures rather rude; bluish-white, purple-violet at the base; columella thinly reflected, slightly twisted; aperture sinuated at the angle. Hab. ? Of rather solid growth, distinguished from all the other species of the genus by its regular trochoid form. The boundary of the purple colouring is as sharply defined round the basal angle as in the preceding species. December. 1858. huitlunaPl.m. '^^ S(,:wer-ty.ae],etlicli .-Sr.tBT-«-A?.ll.ip I A N T H I N A Plate III. Species 1 1 . (Fig. II a and 1 1 b, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina kalti;ata. laiii/i. testa depi-esso-tuMnatd, spird pnrcu, anfractibus decUvi-convexis, concentrice plicato-cornigatis, spiraliter striatk ; supra violas- cente-albd, infra ceeruled, fascia conspicud albd circa columellam, coliimelld saturate violaced; aperturd transversa, medio sinuatd. The belted Ianthina. Shell depressly turbinated, spire small, whorls slantingly convex, concentrically pli- cately wrinkled, spirally striated ; violet-white above, blue beneath, with a conspicuous white baud round the columella, which is very dark violet ; aperture transverse, sinuated in the middle. Hai. Cape of Good Hope. This is certainly distinct from /. frayiUs, though re- sembling it in general form. The surface is concentri- cally plicately wrinkled, and the under surface is charac- terized by a white band round the columella, which is prominently dark-coloured. Its nearest ally is /. Smithirr, represented at Fig. 15. 12. (Fig. 12 a and 12 4, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina involuta. lanth. testd ovato-conicd, anfrnc- tibus oblique subrude siriatis, convexis, ultimo versus aperturam involuto ; supra molascente-albd, opacd, infra etrridescente ; spiraliter sulcato-siriatd, striis bi- nis, columelld brevi, aperturd suborbiculari, marline contini/o. The unrolled Ianthina. Shell ovately conical, whoris obliquely somewhat rudely striated, convex, last whorl unrolled towards the aperture ; above violet-white, below bluish ; spirally groove-striated, stri;e in pairs, columella short, aperture nearly orbicular, margin continuous. ffab. ? The detached convolution of 'the last whorl of this spe- cies is not a mere lusus. Mr. Cuming possesses several specimens, all precisely agreeing in this and other specific peculiarities. tricosd, anfractibns subrude decussaiim striatis, s«- perne declivibus, deinde rotundatis, parum anyulatis ; intense purpureo-violaced, prope apicem pallidiore ; columelld rectd, margine teime rej/exd ei tortiwsd, aperturd subijuadratd, medio late sinuatd. The British Ianthina. Shell turbinated, somewhat veutricosc, whorls rather roughly decussately stri- j ated, sloping at the upper part, then rounded, but little angled; deep purple-violet, paler near the apex ; columella straight, thinly reflected and twisted at the edge, aperture somewhat square, broadly sinu- ated in the middle. Leach, MS. Jide Jeifrey in Forbes and Hanley's Brit. Moll. vol. iv. Appendix, p. 200. Ianthina communis, Forbes and Hanley. Hub. Perranzabuloe, Cornwall ; Cuming. The deep-coloured ventricosely turbinated species indi- cated, according to Mr. Jeffrey, by Dr. Leach under the above title, and of which the specimen here figured was captured alive by Mr. Cuming off the coast of Perranza- buloe, Cornwall, must not be confounded with /. commu- nis of the Jlediterranean and Atlantic, or I.fragiUs of the West Indies and Mazatlan. Both these species are more ang\dated and less deeply coloured. Species 1.3. (Fig. 13 a and Vib, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina Brit.i.\N'ICA. lanth. tedd turhinaid, suhve Species 14. (Fig. 14 a and 14 b, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina depressa. lanth. testd depresso-turbinatd, spird brevi, plamdatd, anfractibus declivi-convexis, oblique pUcato-corrugatis, spiraliter conapicue sulcato- striatis, striis irregularibus, subflexuasis ; supra vio- lascente-albd, subopacd, infra semipellncido-violaced ; columelld contorto-appressd, aperturd tramversd, vix sinuatd. The depressed Ianthina. Shell depressly turbinated, spire short, flattened, whorls slopingly convex, ob- liquely plicately wrinkled, spirally conspicuously groove-striated, striae irregular, rather flexuous ; vio- let-white, rather opaque, above semi-transparent, vio- let beneath ; columella twistedly appressed, aperture transverse, scarcely sinuated. fM. ? An elegant species, of convexly depressed form and pe- culiar opaque- or chalk-white violet-tinged substance. December, 1858. lANTHINA.— Plate III. Species 15. (Fig. 1.5rt and \5b, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina Smithi.e. lanth. testa depresso-ovaid, spird brevi, anfractibm mbangustis, decmsatim striatia, vix angulatu ; anfractiis ultim.i peripherid violaced, spird ft circa columellam albidd ; columelld tmiie rcjkxd. Smith's Ianthina. Shell depressly ovate, spire short, whorls rather narrow, decussately striated, scarcely angled ; periphery of the last whorl violet, spire and around the columella whitish ; columella thinly re- flected. Hah. Glamorganshire, South Wales (left alive on the sands near Penrice Castle) ; Mrs. Hill. Since our figure was drawn, from a shell in Mr. Cu- ming's possession, unaccompanied with any information as to its locality, I had the good fortune to have my at- tention called to a small box in the cabinet of Mrs. New- man Smith, containing three undoubted specimens, with the following well-authenticated memorandum of their capture : — " About twenty-seven years since, Lady Mary Cole (then Lady M. Talbot) picked up on the shore by Penrice Castle, two or three of thi' Kelix janthina, but no more appeared there until three years ago, when many were left on the sands alive. — M. Hill. " LI andaff House, April Wth, 1829." The three specimens accompanying this memorandum, especially characterized by the presence of a white band round the columella, being identical with the one figured from Mr. Cuming's collection, are unquestionably distinct from any hitherto described species, and leave no doubt in my mind as to their being a new and valuable addition to the British Fauna. It is with much pleasure I dedicate it to the assiduous conchologist Mrs. Newman Smith, to whom I am indebted for its discovery. JanildnaPlJy, -d^^: j£.S^ aoworly, del el- llth Vincent brooks , Lup . I A N T H I N A . Species 16. (Fig. 16 a and 16 A, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina NlTENS. lantli. lestd siibglobosa, anfractihus rotimdatiH, ad mturas impressis, oblique tenue striatis, medio canaliculato-nmtatis ; ptirpnrascente-violaced, nilenie; coliimelld njlexd, subcontorte prolongatd. The shining Ianthina. Shell somewhat globose, whorls rounded, impressed at the sutures, obliquely finely striated, canaiiculately sinualed in the middle ; purple-tinged violet ; columella reflected, somewhat twistedly prolonged. Menke, Syn. p. 1-11. Thilippi, Enum. Moll. p. 164. pi. 9. f. 15. Ianthina prolovyata, Payrnudoau. Hob. MediteiTanean. The shining surface of tliis species, after which character it is named, appears to be constant. Species 17. (Fig. 17 a and 17 4, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina fibula, lanth. testa globoso-conica, anfracti- hus dec/ivibas, spiraliter lineari-sidcatis ; supra vio- lascente-albd, infra intense violaced, roseo pallidi tinctd ; columella tenue reflexd, parum contort d. The button Ianthina. Shell globosely conical, whorls sloping, spirally linearly grooved; above violet-white, beneath deep violet, faintly tinged with rose ; colu- mella thinly reflected, but little twisted. llab. ? Closely allied to I.fragilis, but its more globosely conic form and rosy colouring render it easily recognized. Species IS. (Fig. 1S« and 18 4, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina globosa. lanth. testa globosd, temii, inflatd, spird brevi, subimmersd, anfractihus ad suturas im- pressis, deinde rotundatis, undique subtililer decussa- tim striatis; albidd, ad spiram basinque purpuras- cente-violaced ; columelld tenue rejlexd, prolongatd; j aperturd ampld, patuld, medio siihsinuatd, ad basin canaliculatd. The globose Ianthina. SheU globose, thin, inflated, [ spire short, somewhat immersed, whorls impressed at the sutures, then rounded, everywhere finely decus- sately striated; whitish, purple-violet at the spire and at the base; columella thinly reflected, prolonged; aj)erture large, open, slightly siiiuated in the middle, channelled at the base. Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, First Series, vol. ii. pi. 85. Ianthina prolongala, Blainville. Uab. ? This iiue species is chiefly characterized by the bold in- flation of the last whorl, which almost rises into a collar at the point of conjunction of its lip with the penuUiraate whorl. Species 19. (Fig. 19a and 19 4, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina decollata. lanth. testa globosd, spird brevi, subimmersd, anfractihus ad suturas impressis, deinde rotundatis, undique siibtiliter decussatim striatis ; al- bidd, ad spiram basinque pmpnraceo-violascente, colu- melld tenue reflexd, superne appressd, deinde prolon- gatd; aperturd subampld, medio mbsinuatd, ad basin canaliculatd. The decollated Ianthina. Shell globose, spire short, somewhat immersed, whorls impressed at the su- tures, then rounded, everywhere finely decussately striated ; whitish, purple-violet at the spire and base ; columella thinly reflected, appressed at the upper part, then prolonged ; aperture rather large, slightly sinuated in the middle, channelled at the base. Carpenter, Cat. Reigen Coll. in Brit. Mus. p. 187. Ilab. Mazatlan. Until better information is obtained on the habits of the Ianthina, I forbear to disregard this species ; b>it my conviction is that it will prove to be nothing more than a variety of the preceding. There is no specific peculiarity in the apparent decollation of the ape.\. Species 20. (Fig. 30 a and 20 4, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina pallida. lanth. testd globosd, spird parvd, anfractihus ad suturas plano-imtner.'iis, deinde rotun- datis, undique decussatim striatis; carulescente, ad basin purpitreo-violaced ; columelld tenue reflexd; aper- turd ampld, patuld. The pale Ianthina. Shell globose, spire small, whorls flatly immersed at the sutures, then rounded, every- where decussately striated ; bluish, purple- violet at the base; columella thinly reflected; aperture large, open. Harvey, Thompson, Brit. Marine Conch, p. 152. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. vol. ii. p. 553. pi. 69. f. 10, 11. Ianthina patula, Philippi. Hah. Miltown Malbay, County Clare, Ireland; Harvey. Mediterranean; Philippi. Madeira^ M'Andrew. Of uiiiroriiily smaller size than /. globosa and less in- flated form. December, 1858. lanOuna PI K Zfa. J. 7a.. Z.ih '\6rLceii!: Brooke, Imp I A N T H I N A Plate V. Species 21. (Fig. 21a and 21 i, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina exigua. lantJi. testa cotiico-iurbinatd, spird elatd, siduris impressis, apice aculd, anfractibus rn- tundatu, concenlrice lamellato-corrugatis, rugis medio sinmtis; intense violaced, pellucidd ; columelld brevi- usctdd, parvm rejlexd ; aperturd parvd, medio emargi- naid. The little Ianthina. Shell conically turbinatrd, spire raised, witli the sutures iiuprosscd, sliarp at tlic apex, whorls rounded, concentrically laniellately wi-iuklcd, wrinkles sinuated iu the middle; deep-violet, trans- parent ; columella rather short, but little reflected ; aperture small, notched iu the middle. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. ix. p. 5. Hab. Cornwall; Turton. Connemara ; Shuttleworth. This little species may be regarded as the British form of Mr. Nuttall's 1. bifida. The surface is similarly wrinkled with fine lamellar ridges, which incline into a sinus in the middle, arising throughout the growth of the shell by the notch iu the aperture ; and the spire is more conically turbinated than iu any other species of the ge- nus. I cannot agree with Forbes and Hanley in quoting /. violacea, De Blainville, and /. nana, Quoy and Gai- mard, as synonyms of /. exigua. It is, however, easier to say what those species are not, than to determine what they are. Species 23. (Fig. 32c and iib, Mus. Brit.) Ianthina umbilicata. lanth. testa subghboso-ovatd, tenui, pellucidd, spird lurbiaatd, anfractibus convexis, minulissime concenlrice striatis, striis medio in cari- nam sinuatis ; violaced; columelld recld, teuue rejlexd, subumbilicatd. The dmbilicated Ianthina. Shell somewhat globosely ovate, thin, transparent, spire turbinated, whorls convex, very minutely eoncentrically striated, strias sinuated iu the middle into a keel ; violet ; columella straight, thinly reflected, slightly umbilicated. D'Orbigny, MS. iu Mus. Brit. Eab. ? This species, of which D'Orbigny's original type is in the British Museum, is much smaller than /. e.vigua. The shell is slightly umbilicated, aud the fine concentric strise incline rather to sinuate round the periphery of the last whorl into a keel. Species 23. (Fig. 23ff and 234, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina iricolor. lantk. testd subglobosd, tenuissimd, spird obtuse conicd, plus minus immersd, anfractibus subangustis, rotmidatis, conceyitrice irregulariter pli- cato-striatis, striis medio sinuatis ; pnrpiirascente-vio- laced, pellucido-iridescente ; columelld vix rejlexd, subcontortd ; aperlurd patuld, bast subcanaliculatd. The kainbow-coloueed Ianthina. Shell somewhat globose, very thin, spire obtusely conical, more or less immersed, whorls rather narrow, rounded, con- centrically irregularly plicately striated, striae sinu- ated in the middle ; purple-violet, transparently iri- descent ; columella scarcely reflected, rather twisted ; aperture open, slightly channelled at the base. This species is unquestionably distinct from I. globosa. It is of a lighter and more transparent texture, and is vio- let-tinged throughout, the colour being characterized by a more iridescent hue. The whorls are narrower, less glo- bosely inflated, and the striae of growth are more roughly gathered into folds, inclining to a peripheral sinus. Species 24. (Fig. 21« and 2U, Mus. Cuming.) Ianthina striolata. lanth. testd globosd, solidiusculd, spird obtuse conicd, plus minus immersd, anfractibus convexis, tumidiuscuUs, spiraliter pecuUariter lineari- sulcatis, sulcis undulatis, valde irregularibus ; violas- cenfe-albd, medio subopacd, nitente ; columella sublati rejlexd, appressd ; aperturd mediocri, huud sinuald. The chamfered Ianthina. Shell globose, rather solid, spire obtusely conic, more or less immersed, whorls couve.^, rather swollen, spirally peculiarly linearly grooved, grooves waved, very irregular ; violet-white, somewhat opaque in the middle, shining; columella rather broadly reflected, appressed ; aperture middling, not sinuated. Adams and Eeeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, p. 5-1. pi. 11. f. 9. Eab. Pacific Ocean. Chiefly distinguished by an irregular waved pattern of linear giooving. The shell is of rather a solid texture December, 1858. lANTHIA.— Plate V. for this genus, shining opaque-white, tinged with violet of a peculiarly delicate hue. There is no sinus in the aper- ture, and consequently no spiral sinuation of the stris of growth on the periphery. Species 25. (Vig. 25 a and 25 b, Mas. Cuming.) Ianthina bifida, laiiih. testa turbinatd, spird acumi- nato-conicd, anfractibm rotundalk, subangustu, con- centrice dense lamellato-sfriatis, striis medio perob- Uque iinuatis; intense violaced ; columella lenue re- Jlexd, arcuatd; aperturd pared, enormiter emargi- natd. The bifid Ianthina. Shell turbinated, spire acumi- nately conic, whorls rounded, rather narrow, concen- trically densely lamellately striated, strise very ob- liquely sinuated in the middle ; deep-violet ; colu- mella thinly reflected, arched; aperture small, enor- mously notched. Ncttall, Jay's Catalogue of Shells, p. 68. Bob. Pacific Ocean (Sandwich Islands) ; Nuttall. The densely set lamellar strise are less conspicuously wrinkled in this species than in its congener /. exigua. Its principal characteristic is the enormous notch in the aperture, which gives the lip a bifid structure. I ANTHIN A. ri«t8. affiuis, Reeve I. Africana, Reeve II. balteata, Reeve III. hicolor, Menke. I. bifida, Nuttall V. Britannica, Leach III. casta. Reeve I. cseruleata. Reeve II. communis, Laniarck 1. decollata, Carpenter IV. depressa. Reeve III. exigua, Lamarck V. fibula. Reeve IV. fragilis, Lamarck II. globosa, Swaimon. IV. pi»tt. grandis, Reeve 1- involuta. Reeve III. iricolor, Reeve V. nitens, Menke IV. pallida, Harvey IV. penicephala, Peron I- planospirata, Adams arid Reeve . II. prolongata, Payraudeau IV. prolongata, Blainville IV. roseola, Reeve I- Smithiae, Reeve HI- striolata. Carpenter II. striulata, Adar,is and Reeve .... V. trochoidea, Reeve II- uinbilicata, D'Orbigny V. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS C L U M B E L L A, -Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms! Skakspear CohimbeIU,Pl.I. i m Sowerlry dfiLetlitli. ^ncmt fixoolts ixrrp COLUMBELLA Plate I. Genus COLUMBELLA, Lamarck. Testa parviiiscula, ovato-oblotiya vel trigona, interdum aci- cularis vel fusiformis, plerumqne solida, aut lavigata out costaia. Columella scejie arcuata, interdum den- ticulata, labro plerumqtte incrassato, plus minus vari- coso, intus denticulato. Shell rather small, ovately oblong or triangular, sometimes acicular or fusiform, generally solid, either smooth or ribbed. Columella often arched, sometimes denticu- lated, lip generally thickened, more or less varicose, denticulated within. The genus Columlidla, as defined by the members of the Lamarckian school of conchology, is not a satisfactory one. Originally it served for the grouping of about a dozen to eighteen species, characterized in a special man- ner, like C. rustica, mercaloria, and stromhiforniis, by the development of a row of teeth on an inner swelling of the lip; but since Lamarck's time upwards of two hundred species of shells have come to light, of not one of which have we any knowledge of the animals, all having a more or less obvious indication of this character, extremely di- verse in form and texture, and not wanting in the charac- teristics which usually go to determine distinct genera. Even Dr. Gray, the Messrs. Adams, and other more subtle followers of the school of De Montford, have failed to bring their analytical powers to bear on the varied forms which come under the head of Columiella ; and the genus must still remain as a receptacle for that incongruous re- siduum of shells which are characterized by the presence of denticles on the inner surface of the lip. The geographical range of the Columhellee lies chiefly on the western shores of South and Central America. A few small species inhabit the West Indies, and some very cha- racteristic forms have been collected at Australia and New Zealand : some are also from the Philippine Islands. The genus is unknown to Britain, and only one species, C. rus- tica, may be said truly to belong to the Mediterranean. Species 1. (Fig. 1 a, b, Mus. Cuming.) COLUMBELLA ANGDLARIS. Col. testd ohlongo-pyramidali, pallida, fusco varid, spird subulatd, atifractibus decern, longitudinaliter costatis, ultimi medio gibboso-anguluto, basi reflexo; aperturd subqnadratd, canali longiusculo, laio, labro incrassato. The ANGULAR COLUMBELLA. Shell oblong- pyramidal, pale, variegated with brown, spire subulate, whorls ten, longitudinally ribbed, middle of the last whorl gibbously angled, reflected at the base; aperture somewhat square, canal rather long, broad, lip thick- ened. SovERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S32, p. 118. Ilab. Panama. A single specimen only of this remarkable species was collected by Mr. Cuming| thirty years since, at the above- named locality. Species 2. (Fig. 1 a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA TUERITA. Col. testd eloiigalo-pyramidatd, spird subulatd, anfraclibus decern, albidis, fusco reticu- latis, prope suturam articulatis ; aperturd oblongd, su- perne acuminatd, subcanaliferd, labro incrassato, peri- tremate albo, subrejlexo, intus Itevi, cohimelld arcnatd. The turreted Columbella. Shell elongately pyra- midal, spire subulate, whorls ten, whitish, reticulated with brown, articulated near the suture; aperture oblong, acuminated at the upper part, somewhat channelled, lip thickened, peritreme white, a little re- flected, smooth within, columella arched. Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S32, p. 115. Hab. Bay of Montija and St. Elena, Central America (found in coarse gravel and sand, at a depth of ten fathoms); Cuming. Of the same subulate form as the preceding species, but smooth, and rather stout, densely reticulated with brown. Species 3. (Fig. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella lanceolata. Col. testd fusifomd-oblongd, turritd, albidd, fuho varid, spird acuminato-pyrami- dali, anfractiius decern ad duodecim, serie unicd tuber- culorum instructis, ultimi dorso subgibbo, parte infe- riore transversim striata ; aperturd elongald, ad l)asin subcanalicidatd et recurvd, labro incrassato, varicoso, intus medio tumido et denticulato. The lanceolate Columbella. Shell fusiformly ob- long, turreted, whitish, variegated with Ijrown, spire acuminately pyramidal, whorls ten to twelve, furnished with a single row of tubercles, back of the last whorl May, 18.59. COLUMBELLA.— Plate 1. rather gibbous, lower portion transversely striated ; aperture elongate, slightly channelled and recurved at the base, lip thickened, varicose, swollen and denti- culated within in the middle. SowEKBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 116. Hab. Galapagos Islands (found in coral sand, at a depth of from sis to eight fathoms) ; Cuming. A fine fusiform species, of solid structure, armed through- out with a row of tubercles. Species 4. (Pig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) ConJMBELL.\ ELEQANS. Col. testd elorigato-subulatd, al- ia, fusco variegatd et reticulata, epidermide tenuifulvd indtitd, anfractlbiis nndecim ad duodecim, primis pau- cis lavibus, cateris longitudinaliter costatis, ultimo in- fra spiraliter sulcata ;. aperturd parvimculd, obhngd. cohimclld mbareiiatd, lirh\ i-i (j'v htl-^. V-T^oenr Br-ooU^.hi COLUM BELLA. Plate XVII. Species 86. (l^ig. 86 and 87, n, i, Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELi.A PDLCHELL.^. Col. Usld acumiiiato-cylin- draced, pallida, nik'nte, maciilis Jlammisque fulvo-au- rantiis variegatd, anfractibm superiorihui longitudi- naliter costatis, iiitersiitiis interdum fenestra lis ; aper- turdparvd, superiie emargimtd, intus denliculatd. The beautiful Columbella. Shell aeuminately cylin- di'ical, pale, shining, variegated with fulvous-orange spots and flames, upper whorls longitudinally ribbed, interstices so.Tietimes latticed ; aperture small, notched at the upper part, denticulated within. SowEKBY, Thes. Conch, vol. i. p. 131. pi. 39. f. 121,122. Bitcciniim pulchdluw, Kiener. Hab. Caffraria. An elegantly painted species, partaking in a measure of the characters of Triton and Pleurotoma. Species 88. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella intertexta. Col. testa aciculari, semi- pellttcidd, opaco-allo undique punctatd, flammis au- ratitio-fuscis ad suluras pictd, anfractibus plano-con- vexis transversim minute slriatis ; aperturd parvius- culd, labro tentii, intiis denticulato. The intekwoven Columbella. Shell aeicular, semi- transparent, everywhere dotted with opaque-white, painted with orange-brown flames at the sutures, whorls flatly convex, transversely minutely striated ; aperture rather small, lip thin, denticulated within. Gaskoin, Pro. Zool. Soc. Hab. Australia. An extremely delicate semitransparent shell, flaked with white dots, and painted at the sutures with orange-brown spots, descending in short flames. Species 89. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella suffusa. Col. testa oblongd, spird tiirri/d, albd, punctis rufo-fuscis pictd, anfractibus coiivexis, lougitudinaliter costatis, interstitiis fenestratis ; aper- turd parm, snperne emarginatd. The suffused Columbella. Shell oblong, spire lur- reted, white, painted with red-brown dots, whorls convex, longitudinally ribbed, interstices latticed ; aperture small, notched at the upper part. SowERBY, Thesaurus Conch, vol. i. p. 142. pi. 40. f. 166, 167. Hab. Pacific; Cuming. The red-brown painting in this species, described as dots, has sometimes the form of hieroglyphic characters. Species 90. (IMus. Cuming.) Columbella jaspidea. Col. testa cylindraceo-oblongd, apice mucronato, pallid?, rosed, anfractibus convexis, confertim longitudinaliter costatis; aperturd parvi- nsculd, snperne emarginatd, intus denticidatd. The jasper Columbella. Shell cylindrically oblong, apex pointed, pale rose-colour, whorls convex, closely longitudinally ribbed ; aperture rather small, notched at the upper part, denticulated within. SowEKBV, Thesaurus Conch, vol. i. p. 132. pi. 39. f 125. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones, at low-water) ; Cuming. A cylindrically oblong shell, closely ribbed throughout, of a uniform pale pink. Species 91. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella varians. Col. testa ovatd, medio ventri- cosd, albidd, coloribus variis pictd, spird breviter pyra- midali, anfractibus transversim sulcatis, superne inler- dum nodiilatis ; aperturd angustd, flexuosd, superne angidatd, intus denliculatd. The variable Columbella. Shell ovate, ventricose in the middle, whitish, painted with various colours, spire shortly pyramidal, whorls transversely grooved, sometimes noduled at the upper part ; aperture nar- row, flexuous, angled at the upper part, denticulated within. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 118. Hab. Galapagos Islands. The painting of this little species is so variable that it cannot be specially characterized. Species 92. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella Dysoni. Col. testd fusiformi-conicd, lutes- cente-albd, maculis rufo-fuscis undalim strigatd, spird brevi, acutd, anfractibus undique valide spiraliter sul- cata ; aperturd elongatd, labro plano-incrnssato, intus denticulato. Dyson's Columbella. Shell fusiformly conical, yeUow- ish-white, painted with wave stripes of red-brown spots, spire short, sharp, whorls strongly spu-aUy grooved throughout ; apertui'e elongated, lip flatly thickened, denticulated within. Hab. Honduras; Dyson. A very characteristic type of the genus, partaking of the peculiar form of Cono/ielix. October, 1858. CoiumMaFlim. ♦ P 4 V.nc?.n.t Brocfc W COLUMBELLA. Plate XVIII. Species 93. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA TiCAONis. Col. tcstd eylindraceo-ovatd, ad basin restrictd, ajiice acuta, pallescente, castaneo am- pliter Sfphacelatd, an/racddus plano-convexis, spiraliter striatis, sidurk impresm, anfractu ullinio bad sulcata; aperlurd oblongd, superne emarginatd, intus denticu- htd. The Ticao Columbella. Shell cylindrically ovate, restricted at the base, sharp at the apex, pale, largely blotched with chestnut whorls, flatly convex, spirally striated, sutures impressed, last whorl grooved at the base ; aperture oblong, notched at the upper part, denticulated within. SowERBY, Thesaurus Conch, vol. i. p. 134. Ilab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (in sandy mud, at a depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming. A bright, r-ohly painted shell, rather more attenuatcly restricted at the base than is usual in this genus. Species 94-. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella corniculata. Col. testa acicidari, lavi- gatd, nitenle, riifo-fuscescente, varie strigatd aut mar- moratd, anfractibus pluno-eonvexis ; aperturd pared, intus deiiticttlatd. The hokned CoLUiMBELLA. Shell acicular, smooth, shining, variously striped or mottled with red-brown, whorls flatly convex ; aperture small, denticulated within. Buccinum corniculalmn, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. x. p. 175. Columbella corniculata, Deshayes. Buccitium Linnei, Payraudeau. Murex connlus, Olivi. Columbella conulus, Blainville. Hab. Mediterranean. A very sharp acicular shell, richly variegated in a variety of patterns with red-brown. Species 95. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Co;.UMBELLA SEMicoNVEXA. Col. testd ovato-subulatd, crassiusculd, loevi, palUdd, riifo-fusco longitudinaliler flavimatd, anfractibus planiusculis, ad suiuras convexis, obscure striatis; aperturd parviuscula, conspicue denti- culatd. The semi-convex Columbella. Shell ovately subu- late, rather thick, smooth, pale, longitudinally flamed with red-brown, whoris ratiier flat, convex at the suture, obscurely striated ; aperture rather small, con- spicuously denticulated. Buccinum semiconvexum, Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. x. p. 171. Columbella semiconvexa, Sowerby. Hab. Port Lincoln, Australia. This shell is not of the same acicular type as the pre- ceding species, with which it has been compared, but stout aud rounded. The longitudinal red-brown flames with which it is painted are very constant. Species 96. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella ligula. Col. testd oblongd, acuminata Itwi, albidd, variis coloribus picid, scepe albipunetatd, spird products, anfractibus planatis ; aperlurd oblongd, superne obsolete emarginatd, dertticulatd. The little tongue Columbella. Shell oblong, acu- minated, smooth, whitish, painted with various co- lours, often white-dotted, spire produced, whorls flattened ; aperture oblong, obsoletely notched at the upper part, denticulated. Duclos, Monog. du genre, pi. 11. f. 11-16. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines ; Cuming. Although extremely variable in colour, the painting is mostly characterized by a peculiar dotting and lacing of opaque-white. Species 97. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella albina. Col. testd oblongo-acuminald, Ifeci, ad sutiiras restrictd, albidd, punctis rufo-fmcis varie viitatd, anfractibus plajio-convexis, ultimo ad basin sulcato ; aperturd parviuscula, flexuosd, labro varicoso, intus denticnlato. The whitish Columbella. Shell oblong, acuminated, smooth, restricted at the sutures, whitish, variously filleted with red-brown dots, whorls flatly convex, last whorl grooved at the base ; aperture rather small, flexuous, lip varicose, denticulated within. KlENER, Coc|uilles vivantes, p. 34. pi. 13. f. 4. Hab. Island of Mindoro, Philippines ; Cuming. Very nearly allied to the preceding species, but more restricted and curved in outline. Species 98. (Miis. Cuming.) Columbella Buccinoides. Col. testd oblongd, leevi, j)iceo-nigrd, prope suturas interdum pallide maculatd, anfractibus plano-convexis ; aperturd ovaid, superne sinuatd, labro intus denticulato. The Buccinum-likb Columbella. Shell oblong, smooth, pitch-black, sometimes faintly spotted next the sutures, whorls slightly convex ; aperture ovate. sinuated at the upper part, lip denticulated within. Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1S32, p. 114. Hab. Aucon, Peru (iunnd under stones, at low-water); Cuming. This species has a peculiar slaty look, with not often any indication of light spots at the suture. October, 1S58. CvJumlnUaniri. 4 4 « ■:Wfruv.J.;Lfl li.J:L. Vinrerd B roote.lttip COLUMBELLA. Species 99. (Mas. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA CONSPERSA. Col. lestd pi/ranudaU-iMougd, pallide olivaced, poliid, mriculis opaco-ulbis iru>meo-in- teiruptis cingidatd, anfractibm plam-convexis ad su- turas canaUcidatis ; apurturd pand, utr'mque lUaceo fbictd, labro varicoso, canali suhprodudo. The si'KiNKLED CoLUMBELLA. Shell pyrnmidally ob- long, pale-olive, polished, encircled with opaque-wbite blotches interrupted with faint brown lines, whorls flatly convex, channelled at the sutures ; aperture small, tinged on each side with lilac, lip varicose, canal rather produced. Gaskoin, Pro. Zool. Soc. ]S.'>1, p. 11. Hab. ? A solid polished shell, encircled with opaque-white brown-interrupted blotches upon a dull-olive ground, while the aperture is tinged ou either side wi'h lilac. Species 100. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLDMBELLA AUSTiiiNA. Col. tesld oblopgo-omid, ebur- ned, nitimte, anfraetu ultimo cameo latifanciatd ; aper- turd subquadrato-ovatd, labro mperne late emargmato, intiis cotispicue deHtkulato. The southern Columbella. Shell oblong-ovate, ivory- white, shining, last whorl encircled with a broad flesh band ; aperture rather squarely ovate, lip broadly notched at the upper part, conspicuously denticulated within. Gaskoin, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 9. Hab. Australia. A shining ivory-white shell, broadly banded on the last whorl with soft flesh-colour, and having the lip broadly but rather superficially notched at the upper part. Species lOL (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella annulata. Col. iestd oblongo-ovatd, lavi- gatd, elmriied, lined castaned conspicud medio cingu- latd, spird subolitusd ; apertiird subquadrato-ovald, la- bro superne sttbemarginato, intiis denticulato. The ringed Columbella. Shell oblong-ovate, smooth, ivoi-v-white, encircled round the middle with a con- spicuous chestnut line, spire rather obtuse ; aperture somewhat squarely ovate, lip faintly notched at the upper part, denticulated within. Ilab. Australia. Of the same typical form as the prece. x\dams, Contributions to Conchology, p. 58. Hob. Jamaica ; C. B. Adams. Species 113. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella parva. Col. testd oblongd, subobesd, albidd, fascid latd centrali nigricante-castaned cingulatd, spird conicd, anfractibus convexis, longitudinaliter costatis, vitersliliis dense cancellatis, costis anfractils ultimi prope labrum evanidis ; aperturd ovatd, labro superne subemarginato, intus denticulato. The little Columbella. Shell oblong, rather stout, whitish, encircled with a broad central blackish-chest- nut band, spire conical, whorls convex, longitudinally ribbed, interstices densely cancellated, ribs of the last whorl disappearing near the lip ; aperture ovate, lip slightly emarginated at the upper part, denticii- lated within. Sowebby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 53. Hab. Monte Christi, West Columbia ; Cuming. A solid rather obese shell, densely cancellated, encircled round the middle with a broad blackish-chestnut band. Fig. 114. (Mus. Cuming.) The shell here figured proves to be a specimen of Man- gelia {Ci/lhura, nonnull.) Species 115. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella diminuta. Col. testd ovatd, utrinque atte- nuatd, albidd, sparsimfusco-punctatd, fascid nigricantr ad basin, superficie omnino dense valde cancellatd ; aperturd parvd, labro late varicoso, stiperne emargi- nato. The minute Columbella. Shell ovate, attenuated at each end, whitish, sparingly brown-dotted, with a blackish band at the base, surface closely strongly cancellated throughout; aperture small, lip broadly varicose, notched at the upper part. C. B. Adams, Cat. Shells of Panama, p. 85. Hab. Panama ; C. B. Adams. A small, strongly marked species, rudely cancellated throughout, with a characteristic dark band at the extreme base of the shell. November, 1858. COLUMBELLA.— Plate XX. Species 116. (Mus. Cuming.) C'OLUMBELLA PULCHRIOK. Col. testd ovatd, tenuiculd, Iwvigatd, mbpellucido-albd, maculis punctuque aqui- distautibus purpureo-fmcis ornatd, anfraciibus declivi- convexis ; aperiurd ovatd, labro tenuiculo, mperne sitb- emarffinato. The beautiful Columbella. Shell ovate, rather thin, smooth, subpellucid-white, ornamented with purple- brown blotches and equidistant dots, whorls slopingly convex; aperture ovate, lip ratiier thin, slightly notched at the upper part. C. B. Adams, Cat. Shells of Panama, p. 9 !•. Hab. Panama (under stones, at low-water mark) ; C. B. Adams. Rather an abnormal form of ColmiibeUa, finely dotted and blotched with chocolate-brown, the colour being rather gathered and filleted at the sutures. Tlie dots are more minute than is represented in the accompanying figure. Species 117. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA MONILIFERA. Col. te»td oblongo-actiminald, solidd, undique valde decussatim costatd, alia, maculis subquadratis brunnein bifasciatim cinctd ; aperturd sub- angustd, intus denticulatd. The NECKLACE CoLUMBELLA. Shell oblong-acuminated, solid, strongly decussately ribbed throughout, white, encircled with two bands of somewhat square brown spots; aperture rather narrow, denticulated within. SowEBBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 53. Hab. West Indies. The granules formed at the points of decussation of the ribs have a delicate pearly appearance. * m (■->iia. The surface of this well-marked species is not merely faintly striated, as described by Mr. Carpenter, but dis- tinctly linearly grooved, unusually so for a Columbella. November, 185 8. COLUMBELLA.— Plate XXI. Species 123. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA SPADICEA. Col. lestd cijUndraceo-oblongd, apice acuminata, castaneo-nigrd, zonula albidd medio cingulatd, bad albidd, anfractibus longitudinaliter dense costatis, coslis subgranosis ; aperturd parvd, sub- denticulotd. The BAY CoLUMBELLA. Shell cylindrically oblong, acu- minated at the apex, chestnut-black, encircled round the middle with a small whitish zone, base whitish, whorls longitudinally closely ribbed, ribs slightly grained ; aperture small, faintly denticulated. Phiuppi, MS. Mus. Cuming. Hab. Mazatlan. A shining chestnut-black shell, discoloured specimens of which are probably of a light red or bay colour, closely ribbed throughout, encii-cled round the middle with a nar- row white zone. Species 124. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA ATRAMENTARIA. Col. teHd acuminato-ova- td, crassd, medio ventricosd, caruleo-nigrd, sparsim al- bipunctatd, spiraliter dense mlcato-striatd, longitudina- liter plicato-codatd, costis inferne evanidis; aperturd ovatd, dentkulatd,fauce intense violaced, labro aupeme subemarginato. The inky Columbella. Shell acuminately ovate, thick, ventricose in the middle, blue-black, sparsely white- dotted, spirally densely groove-striated, longitudinally plicately ribbed, ribs fading towards the lower part ; aperture ovate, denticulated, interior deep-violet, lip slightly notched at the upper part. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 51. Hab. Chatham Island, Galapagos. A solid, partially ribbed, blue-black shell, obscurely white-dotted towards the base, with the aperture deep- violet. Species 125. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA lachryma. Col. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, utrinque attenuatd, nived, aurantio-fusco pallide tincta, superjicie omnino caticellaid, spird conicd, dense gra- natd ; aperturd elongaid, anguatd, lairo auperne emar- ginato. The tear Columbella. Shell shortly fusiform, atte- nuated at each extremity, snow-white, faintly stained with orange-brown, surface entirely cancellated, spire conical, densely grained ; aperture elongated, narrow, lip notched at the upper part. Gaskoin, MS. Mus. Cuming. Hab. ? Of a distinct typical form, unusually attenuated towards the base, while the spire is largely conical. Species 126. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella cancellata. Col. testd ovatd, medio ven- tricosiusculd, aurantio-carned, apice basiqiie rosaceis, superfine omnino cancellata, infra suturas granulaid; aperturd brevi, intus denticulatd, labro superiii sube- marginato. The cancellated Columbella. Shell ovate, rather ventricose iu the middle, orange-fleshy apex and base pink, surface entirely cancellated, granulated below the sutures ; aperture short, denticulated within, lip slightly notched at the upper part. Gaskoin, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 6. Eab. West Indies. Readily distinguished by its solid cancellated sculpture and soft orange-pink tone of colouring. i riutuh,:; ijH rr/i I » * « t *cniv. cWrllitK VmaentBrcAs.I COLUMBELLA. Species 127. (Mus. Cuming.) The shell here figured proves to be a variety of C. Hindsii, Gaskoin. Species 128. (Fig. 128 aud 129, Mus. Cuming.) Coi.UMBELLA PYGM^A. C'oL lesld acuminato-ovatd, al- bldd, nitente, maculis intense castaneis infra suturas interrupte pictd, anfraclibm superne oblique costatis ; aperturd paroiusculd, labro incrassato, superne sub- emarginato. The pigmy Columbella. Shell acuminately ovate, whitish, shining, iuterruptedly painted beneath the sutures with dark-chestuut spots, whorls obliquely ribbed round the upper part ; aperture rather small, lip thickened, slightly notched at the upper part. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 119. Coltinibdla taiiiata, Philippi. Sab. St. Elena, West Columbia (in sandy mud, at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming. A pearly-ribbed shell, distinguished by a very charac- teristic band, next the sutures, of dark-chestnut spots. Species 130. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA VEN0STA. Col. testd ovatd, alba, lineis castaneis rrgiiidistantibm undique cingulatd, anfracti- biis subrotundatis, infra suturas tuberculato-coslatis ; aperturd parvd, labro superne emarginato, intus denti- culato. The handsome Columbella. Shell ovate, white, encircled throughout with equidistant chestnut lines, whorls somewhat rounded, tubercularly ribbed be- neath the sutures ; apertur.e small, lip notched at the upper part, denticulated within. Coltt?!ibella iieniaia, Philippi. Bab. ? A rather solid shell, well marked by its tubercularly ribbed sculpture and jjaiuting of parallel circular chestnut lines. Species 131. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella M(Esta. Col. testd elonyatd, fulvo-nigri- cante, anfractibus declivi-convexis, oblique costatis, in- terstitiis cancellatis, costis anfractus uUinii evanidis ; aperturd parvd, labro varicoso, superne emarginato. The sad Columbella. Shell elongated, fulvous-black, whorls slantingly convex, obliquely ribbed, interstices cancellated, ribs of the last whorl disappearing ; aper- ture small, lip varicose, notched at the upper part. C. B. Adams, Cat. Shells of Panama, p. 9-t. Uab. Panama (about sticks and stones, in a grove of trees, a little above half-tide level) ; C. B. Adams. A dark but rather delicately toned fulvous-black shell, strongly cancellated on the upper whorls, whilst towards the lower part of the last whorls only the transverse striae are present. Species 132. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella sulcosa. Col. testd acuminato-cylindraced, plumbeo-nigrd, longitudinaliter oblique costatd, costis pallidis, infra suturas granulatis, interstitiis dense can- cellatis ; aperturd parvd, labro superne emarginato, in- tus denticulato. Tue geooved Columbella. Shell acuminately cylin- drical, leaden-black, longitudinally obliquely ribbed, ribs pale, granulated beneath the sutures, interstices densely cancellated; aperture small, lip notched at the upper part, denticulated within. Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 118. Hab. Annaa and Lord Hood's islands ; Cuming. Of a peculiar dull leaden-black colour, with the ribs of a lighter hue, ranging across the shell in an oblique flexu- ous direction. Species 133. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella baccata. Col. testdovatd, Icfvigatd, nitente, albidd, auraufio-brunneo fasciatd et tessellatim mar- morald ; aperturd subquadratd, labro superne emargi- nato, intus denticulato. The i'earl-set Columbella. Shell ovate, smooth, shining, whitish, banded and tessellately mottled with orange-brown; aperture rather square, lip notched at the upper part, denticulated within. Gaskoin, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 9. November, 1858. COLUMBELLA.— Plate XXII. Eab. ? The network painting of this species has a characteristic pearl-like appearance. Species 134. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA TESSELLATA. Col. tedd ovatd, utririqiie at- tenuatd, nigricante-olivaced, tnacuUs parvis suhquadra- tis albis promiscue tessellatd, spird acuta, anfractibim spiraliter lineari-sulcatis, longitud'maliter costatis, cos- tisprope labrum evanidis ; aperturd parviusculd, lahro superne emarginato. The tessellated Columbella. Shell ovate, attenu- ated at each end, blackish-olive, promiscuously tessel- lated with small, somewhat square white spots, spire sharp, whorls spirally linearly grooved, longitudinally ribbed, ribs disappearing near the lip ; aperture ra- ther small, lip notched at the upper part. C. B. Adams. HaJ). ? Very closely allied to C. airamentaria. Species 135. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella Gouldii. Col. tedd gracili, suhfusiformi, Uvido-fuscd, nitente, spird acuminatd, anfractibus de- clivi-convexk, dense lirato-costatis, aii/ractu ultimo medio Icevigato, ad basin spiraliter sulcata ; aperturd parvd, angustd, labro varicoso, intua denticulato. Gould's Columbella. Shell slender, somewhat fusi- form, livid-brown, shining, spire acuminated, whorls slopingly convex, closely ridge-ribbed, last whorl smooth in the middle, spirally grooved at the base ; aperture small, narrow, lip varicose, denticulated within. Agassiz, MS. Mus. Cuming. Hab. New York Harbour. Of a peculiar yellowish-livid-brown colour, shining, and sharply slenderly ribbed, the ribs gradually disappearing on the last whorl. Species 136. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella dichroa. Col. testa subpyramidali, lavi- gatd, politd, albd, ca-staneo-aurantio late longitudina- liter reticidato-strigatd ; aperturd parvd, latiusculd, labro vix denticulato. The two-coloured Columbella. Shell subpyramidal, smooth, polished, white, longitudinally broadly net- striped with chestnut-orange ; aperture small, rather broad, lip scarcely denticulated. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1844-, p. 50. Hab. Island of St. Vincent, West Indies ; Guilding. Distinguished by a marked style of colouring, consist- ing of broad stripes of chestnut-orange network descend- ing conspicuously from the apex. t CohmiM/a PJUIIL. m v# •itrhy, dj-[.tt JitK "Vincent BToalis,Tm2J. C0LUMBELL7V. Species 137. (Mas. Cuming.) CoLUMlsELLA NIGRICANS. Col. testa oblunga, cceruleo- nigricante, apice acuminata, superfcie omnino cancel- laia, infra suturas granulatd; aperturd parviusculd, inlus denliculatd, labro supenie conspicue emarginato. The blackish Columbella. Shell oblong, blue-black, acuminated at the apex, surface entirely cancellated, granulated beneath the sutures; aperture rather small, denticulated within, lip conspicuously notched. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soo. 1844, p. .52. Ilab. Galapagos Islands. Very similar in form and sculpture to Mr. Gaskoiu's C. caiicdlata, from the West Indies. Species 138. (Mus. Cuming.) Colu.mbella albin'Odulosa. Col. Icsid ohlovgo-ovatd, pallide cinered, punclis brunneis oblique quadratis bi- serialim trifa^ciatd, spird aciiminatd, un/ractibus su- perne plicato-nodtdosis, nodulis opaco-albis ; aperturd oblongd, labro incrassato, intus deuticulato. The white-noduled Columbella. Shell oblong-ovate, pale-ash, encircled with three bands of obliquely square brown spots in double rows, spire acumina- ted, whorls plicately noduled round the upper part, uodules opaque-white; aperture oblong, lip thickened, denticulated within. Gaskoin, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 3. HaU. ? Prettily banded with three pairs of rows of obliquely square chestnut dots, the plicated nodules of the whorls below the suture being flaked with opaque-white. Species 139. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella Buodekipii. Col. testd ovaid,leevi,intente, albidd, aurantio-cantaneo varie reticulata; aperturd oblongd, latiusculd, labro siibincrassato, superne late emarginato, infus deuticulato. Broderip's Columbella. Shell ovate, smooth, shining, whitish, variously reticulated with orange-chestnut ; aperture oblong, rather broad, lip somewjiat thick- ened, broadly notched at the upper part, denticulated within. Sowerby, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1844, p. 53. Ilab. Alborau Island. A smooth siiining species of simple character, tessel- lated and interlaced with delicate orange-chestnut lines. Species 140. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella t.t;niata. Col. testd fuaiformi-ovatd, rufes- cente-carned, maculis quadratis rvfo-fuscis teeniatd, an- fractibus plano-convexis, lavibus, nitentibus ; aperturd parvd, labro incrassato, superne sinuato. The billeted Columbella. Shell fusiform, ovate, reddish flesh-colour, filleted with square red-brown spots, whorls flatly convex, smooth, shining; aper- ture small, lip thickened, sinuated at the upper part. ,\dams and Keeve, MoU. Yoy. Samarang, p. 34. pi. 11. f. 19. Ilnb. Borneo. In the typical specimen of this species, figured iu the IMollusca of the Voyage of the Samarang, there are two fillets of red-brown spots on each whorl, the lower of which is concealed in all but the last whorl. Species 141. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella obesa. Col. testd pyramidali-ovatd, ccerules- cente-albd, aurantio-fusco tessellato-marmorald, fascid alba centrali, an/ractibus plano-convexis, plicato-cos- lellatis, costellis in anfractu ultimo evanidis; aperturd oblongd, labro superne emarginato, intus deuticulato. The stout Columbella. Shell pyramidally ovate, bluish-wlute, tessellately marbled with orange-brown, leaving a central white band, whorls flatly convex, plicately finely ribbed, ribs disappearing in the last whorl ; aperture oblong, lip notched at the upper part, denticulated within. Buccinum obesum, C. B. Adams, Pro. Nat. Hist. Soc. Boston, 1845. £ - Hab. ? -y-. ■ ■ Mottled with an irregular network of orange-brown, leaving a broken spiral white band in the middle. Species 143. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella uncinata. Col. testd trigono-ovatd, Strom- biformi, /ulvescente-olivaced, punclis pallidis lentigi- vosd, superne maculis albis lineis rufo-brunneis inter- ruptis cingidatd, spird breviusculd, acutd, an/ractibus primis superne nodulosis, cateris superne angtilatis et November, 1858. COLUMBELLA.— Plate XXI! I. liiieari-sulcalis ; aperlurd longittidinali, ampU,fauce vwluced, columella excavatd, basin versus granulata ; lahro superrie in camleni uncinatum porrecto, intus un- (lique denticulato. The hooked Columbella. Shell triangularly ovate, Strombus-shaped, fulvous-olive, freckled with pale dots, encircled round the upper part with white spots, interrupted with red-brown lines, spire rather short, sharp, the first whorls noduled at the upper part, the rest angled and linearly grooved at the upper part ; aperture longitudinal, large, interior violet; columella excavated, gi-anulated towards the base, lip extended at the upper part into a hooked canal, denticulated within throughout. SowERBY, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 114. Hab. Island of Muerte, and Bay of Guayaquil ; Cuming. A very characteristic species, of the same peculiar type as C. Imrpiformis. Species 143. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella Hindsii. Col. tvsld ohlongo-ovatd, spira- liter striata, rufescente-dnered, maculis saturatis ob- scure taniata, anfractibus superne tumidiuscidis ; aper- lurd subquadratd, intm denticulatd, supra et infra eff'usn. lliNos's Columbella. Siiell oblong-ovale, spirally striated, reddish-ash, obscurely filleted with dark spots, whorls rather swollen at the upper part ; aperture somewhat square, denticulated within, effused above and below. Gaskoin, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1851. Uab. ? A dull reddish-ash shell of rather light growth, ob- scurely filleted with spots of a darker lone. Species 14-i. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella dekmestoides. Col. teatd oblonga-pyra- midali, lavi, nitente, fulvescente-rufd, fasciis maculis- que albicantibtts cingulaid, anfractibus snbplanulalis ; aperlurd parmusculd, labro simplici, vix emarginato, intus denticulato. The leather-wokm Columella. Shell oblong, pyra- midal, smooth, shining, fulvous-red, encircled with whitish bands and spots, whorls rather fiat; aperture rather small, lip simple, scarcely emarginated, denti- culated within. SowERBY, Thesaurus Conch, vol. i. p. 131. pi. 39. f. 123. Buccinum dermestoides, Kiener. Hoi. West Indies. Mottled and banded with pale fulvous-red and white, beneath a shining enamelled surface. ColwnbellaPlIIK k I m no. 4 Sowcrbjr.dfil et htii ASxicent Brodka.linp COLUM BELLA. Plate XXIV. Species 145. (Mus. Cuming.) C'OLUMBELLA ALA-PERDicis. Col. testd mhfimformi-tur- binatd, temdcuM, spird acuminata, anfractibtis con- veris, lesvibus, ultimo injlato ; alliidd, maculis rufo- fmcis bifa.matd, fasciarum mierstitus dense lentigi- nom; columelld subexcavaid, albd, ad basin unipli- catd, aperturd ovatd, labro simplici. The partridge-wing Columbella. Shell fusifonnly turbinated, rather thin, spire acuminated, whorls con- vex, smooth, last whorl inflated ; whitish, encircled with two bands of red-brown spots, interstices be- tween the bands densely freckled; columella rather excavated, white, one-plaited at the base, aperture ovate, lip simple. ' ,.r Hab. ? An aberrant form of the genus, of light inflated growth, with no indication of any internal denticles. Species 146. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella picta. Col. testd ovatd, crassiuscidd, spird elatd, suboblusd, anfractibus Iambus, plano-declivibus, deinde subffiMosis; castaneo-olivaced, maculis albis reticulate Jlammatd ; aperturd paniuscald, labro in- crassato, iiitus denticulato. The painted Columbella. Shell ovate, rather thick, spire rather obtuse, whorls smooth, flatly slanting, thin, rather gibbous ; chestnut-olive, reticulately flamed with white spots ; aperture rather small, lip thickened, denticulated within. Hab. ? A stunt, brightly painted shell, marked with a few irre- gular flames of white network. :r>pecies 147. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella pumilio. Col. testd abbreviatu-fusiformi, crassd, subgibbosd, spird iurritd, anfractibus supenie rude angulatis et nodatis, nodis in anfractu ultimo tumidis, irregularibus ; albidd, aurantio-fusco pallid? tinctd; aperturd angustd, lahro dense varicose, iiitus obtuse denticulato. The dwarf Columbella. Shell shortly fusiform, thick, rather gibbous, spire turreted, whorls rudely angled and noduled, nodules on the last whorl swollen, irre- gular ; whitish, faintly tinged with orange-brown ; aperture narrow, lip thickly varicose, obtusely denti- culated within. Hab. Cumana, Venezuela ; Dyson. Very closely allied to C. recurvn, but of shorter growth, more humped, and more irregularly noduled; and from its habitat there is also reason to believe it to be distinct. Species 148. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella livescens. Col. testd ovato-turbinatd, so- lidiusculd, spird acuta, versus apicem tenuicostatd, anfractibus subobesis, convexis, leevibus; aurantio- fuscd nitente. livescente, punctis albis marmoratd ; co- lumelld liibiatd, aperturd parviusculd purpurascente. labro incraxsa/o, medio subcoarctato, iiitus denticulato. The bluish Columbella. Shell ovately turbinated, rather solid, spire sharp, finely ribbed towards the apex, whorls rather stout, convex, smooth ; orange- brown, shining, bluish, marbled with white dots ; columella lipped, aperture rather small, purplish, lip thickened, slightly contracted in the middle, denticu- lated within. Hab. Island of Luzon, Philippines; Cuming. A stout, shining species, with a sharp spire finely ribbed near the apex. The colour is a mottled pattern of orange- brown, livid here and there with bluish-purple. Species 149. (Mus. Cumiug.) Columbella solidula. Col. testd subfusiformi, crassd, nitente, spird acutd, anfractibus plano-declivibus, ul- timo dorso juxta suturam. plicato-tuberculato ; albd, maculis perpaucis aurantiis et reticuld variegatd ,■ aperturd subangustd, labro incrassato, intus dentiru- lato. The solid Columbella. Shell somewhat fusiform, thick, shining, spire sharp, whorls flatly slanting, the last plicately tubercled at the back next the suture ; white, variegated with a few orange-brown spots and with a network ; aperture rather narrow, lip thick- ened, denticulated within. Hab. ? The specimen here figured is rather faintly coloured, and in a manner indicative of it being sometimes darker stained. February, 1859 COLUMBELLA.— Plate XXIV. Species 150. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA LUTEOLA. Col. tcstd subtriyono-ovula, tu- midd, spird Ireci; luteold, epidermide lavigatd in- dutd, rufo ad suturas punctatd ; aperturd oblongd, labro tenuicttlo. The yellowish Columbella. Shell somewhat trian- gularly ovate, swollen, spire short; yellowish, co- vered with a smooth epidermis, dotted with red at the sutures ; aperture oblong, lip rather thin. KiENER, Icon, coquilles vivantes, p. 12. pi. 4. f. 2. llab. ? Not having a specimen of C. iideola without its epider- mis, it is impossible to say what may be the pattern of colouring of the species. Species 151. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella valida. Col. testd subgloboso-ovatd, soUdd, undique va/ide costatd, spird subobtusd ; fuscescente- ru/d, medio albi-fasciaid, ad banin albi-punctatd ; aperturd parvd, labro inlus dvnticulato. The strong Columbella. Shell somewhat globosely ovate, solid, everywhere strongly ribbed, spire rather obtuse; brownish-red, white-banded round the n\id- dle, white-dotted at the base; aperture small, lip denticulated within. Hab. Guatemala. This species very much resembles the short globose Mitres in appearance. Species 153. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella zelina. Col. testd cylindraceo-obloyigd, ■medio gibbosiusculd, solidd, spird brevi, obtiisd, la-vi- gatd; rufo-castaned, lineis brevibus angidato-undatis oblique varie scalptd ; aperturd perangustd, labro in- lus denticulato. The rival Columbella. Shell cylindrically ublong, rather gibbous in the middle, solid, spire short, ob- tuse, smooth ; reddish-chestnut, obliquely variously scratched with short angularly waved lines ; aperture very narrow, lip denticulated within. DucLOS, Monog. pi. 4. f. 5, 6. Hab. ? A very characteristic and rare species, at once recog- nizable by its singular peculiarity of marking. CcUunbdla M.JTT k i I ♦ » « 4 Vijxcerit Brooks, Imp- C L U M B E L L x\. Plate XXV. Spocies 153. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA IRUORATA. Col. testa acumi/iato-obloiiffd, Iteeir/atd, npird aciciilnri, mifraclibus convexis, ultimo ad basin sulcato-striato ; lutescente, aurantio puncti- culatd, macufis niveis aurantio-timbratis infra mturas cingulatd ; aperturd ovatd, labro intm dentieulato. The bedewed Columbella. Shell acuminately oblong, smoolb, spire acicular, whorls convex, the last groove- striated at the base ; yellowish, finely dotted with orange, and encircled beneath the sutures with orange- shaded snow-white spots ; aperture ovate, lip denti- culated within. Hab. Australia. Distinguished by its acicular form and very peculiar marking. Species 154. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella strigata. Col. tedd ovatd, lavigatd, spird mediocri, anfractibus convexis ; pnrpurascente-cinered, striffis aiiffustis snnyidneo-castaneis hngitudinaliter promiscue pictd ; aperturd parviusculd, labro simpUci. The streaked Columbella. Shell ovate, smooth, spire middling, whorls convex ; purple-ash, longitu- dinally promiscuously painted with blood-stained chestnut streaks ; aperture rather small, lip simple. Hab. ? A smooth shell, painted with longitudinal streaks of a peculiar irregularly smeared character. Species 155. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella elata. Col. testa elongatd, mbfusiformi, solidd, spird productd, anfractibus subangiistis, longi- tudinaliter plicato-costatis ; albd, castaneo varie nii- dalo-Uiieatd ; aperturd parvd, columella tenue la- biatd. The stately Columbella. Shell elongated, somewhat fusiform, solid, spire produced, whorls rather nar- row, longitudinally plicately ribbed ; white, variously wave-lineated with chestnut; aperture small, colu- mella thinly lipped. Hab. •? A narrow solid ^litre-like shell, conspicuously painted with longitudinally waved chestnut lines upon a white ground. Species 156. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella Cumingii. Col. testd elongatd, subcylin- draced, ad basin recurvd, spird valde productd, prope apicem minute costatd, anfractibus angustis, piano- convexis, spiraliter sulcato-sirialis ; purpurascente- violaced, bifasciatim rnf punctata ; aperturd parvd, brevi, superne emarginatd, labro suhincrassato, intus dentieulato. Cuming's Columbella. Shell elongated, subcylindrical, recurved at the base, spire very produced, minutely ribbed near the apex, whorls narrow, flatly convex, spirally groove-striated ; purple-violet, encircled with two bands of red dots ; aperture small, short, notched at the upper part, lip rather thickened, denticulated. Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines ; Cuming. A very interesting violet-coloured species, with the spire curiously produced. Species 157. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella baculus. Col. testd fusiformi, solidd, ad basin contractd et recurvd, spird acuminatd, suturis subcanaliculatis, anfractibus plano-declivibus ; albidd, anranlio vittatd et maculatd ; aperturd parvd, colum- bella labiatd. The club Columbella. Shell fusiform, solid, contracted and recurved at the base, spire acuminated, with the sutures slightly channelled, whorls flatly slanting; whitish, filleted and .spotted with orange; aperture small, columella lipped. Hab. China Seas. A solid shell of good typical character, contracted and recurved at the base. Species 15S. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella avena. Col. lestd ovatd, spird breviuscnlu, actiminatd, anfractUms convexis, IcBvigatis ; albidd, aurantio nitide reliculato-mnculatd et strigata; aper- Febru COLUMBELLA.— Plate XXV. turd parvimcula, siiperne aubemarginatd, columella ex- \ cavald, labro intus denticulaio. The oat Columbella. Shell ovate, spire rather short, acuminated, whorls convex, smooth ; whitish, neatly reticulately blotched and streaked with orange; aperture rather small, slightly notched at the upper part, columella excavated, lip denticulated within. Hab. Buffalo, Cape Colony. A pretty brightly-painted shell, the pattern being de- veloped in orange network. This and the remaining spe- cies of the Plate are enlarged, it may be observed, about a third of their natural dimensions. Species 159. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA IMPOLITA. Col. testd ehngato-turrild, sptrd versus apicevi plicato-costatd, aufractibus ptano-con- vexk ; fulvescente-castaned, fasdd albd cingulald : aperturd parvd, labro intus denticulaio. The unpolished Columbella. Shell elongately tur- reted, spire plicately ribbed towards the apex, whorls flatly convex ; fulvous-chestnut, encircled with a wliiti- band ; aperture small, lip denticulated within. SowERBY, Thesaurus Conch, vol. i. p. 132. pi. 39. f. 127. Hab. ■ ? Only a worn specimen of this is known, but it is sufli- ciently indicative of a distinct species. CAambeUa VI IBl I I » » « ♦ I COLUMBELLA. Plate XXXI. Species 160. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA FLOCCATA. Col. tesld cylindraceo-ovatd, in- fiata, subpelliicidn, aurantio reticulata, opaco-albo pro- miscue Jloccatd, spird subobtusd, anfractibns convexk, lavibus ; apertiird parviusculd, columella excavate, la- bro simplici. The flaked Columbella. Shell cylindrically ovate, inflated, subtranspai-ent, reticulated with orange, pro- miscuously flaked with opaque-white, spire rather ob- tuse, whorls convex, smooth ; apertui'e rather small, columella excavated, lip simple. Hah. Buffalo, Cape Colony. An inflated, cylindricaUy ovate shell, of semitranspareri substance, delicately reticulated with bright-orange, intei - spersed promiscuously with flakes of opaque-white. Species 161. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella peetusa. Col. testa sabfaniformi-omtii. solidiiisculd, undique spiraliter I'meari-mlcatd, sulcix pertusis, lutesceule-albd, castaneo peculiariter tessel- latd, aiifractibus superne obtuse twmidis ; aperturu mbangustd, labro intus denlicnlato. The pricked Columbella. Shell somewhat fusiformly ovate, rather solid, spirally linearly grooved through- out, grooves pricked, yellowish-white, peculiarly tes- sellated with chestnut, whorls obtusely tumid rouml the upper part ; aperture rather narrow, lip denticu- lated within. Uab. Guatemala. A rather solid shell, tessellately painted with chestnut in a manner quite characteristic. Species 162. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella sagena. Col. testd fmiformi-ovatd, hevi- gald, versus basin sulcatd, albd, fusco-nigru conspicue reticulata, spird subobtusd, anfractibus plano-convexis ; aperturd subangustd, labro intus denticulato. The fishino-net Columbella. Shell fusiformly ovate, smooth, grooved towards the base, white, conspicu- ously reticulated with brown-black, spire rather ob- tuse, whorls slightly convex ; aperture rather narrow, lip denticulated within. Hob. Japan. Allied to C. pardalina, but of a dift'erent form, strongly grooved towards the base. From C. Tyleri, peculiar to Australia, it differs essentially in habitat. Species 163. (Mus. Cuming.) (JoLUMBELLA MULTivoLUTA. Col. testd acuminato-ova- td, longitudinaliter obscure albicostatd, lineis nigris bi/asciatim variegatd, spira attenuatd, anfractibus nu- nierosis ; aperturd parviusculd, columelld contractd, sulcatd, labro simplici. The many-whokled Columbella. Shell acuminately ovate, longitudinally obscurely white-ribbed, varie- gated with two bands of black lines, spire attenuated, whorls numerous; aperture rather small, columella contracted, grooved, lip simple. Ilab. ? A sharply acuminated species, sculptured with opaque- white ribs, which are almost obsolete. Species 1 64. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella collakis. Col. testd ovatd, leevigatd, livi- do-fuscd, anfractibus .viperne tumido-productis, ad ba- sin sulcatis ; aperturd quadralo-ovatd, labro vix den- licnlato. The collati Columbella. Shell ovate, smooth, livid- brown, whorls tumidly produced round the upper part, grooved at the base ; aperture squarely ovate, I lip scarcely toothed. I iTab. ? I Allied to C. varians, tliough characterized by a pecu- liarly produced swelling round the upper part of the wiiorls, whilst the shell is of a decided purple-livid colour throughout. Species 165. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella Califounica. Col. testd fusiformi-oblongd, longitudinaliter lirato-costatd, albd, lineis rufo-fuscis subtilissime reticulata, costis sattiratioribus ; aperturd subangusid, labro vix denticulato. The Califoknian Columbella. Shell fusiformly ob- long, longitudinally lirately ribbed, white, finely re- ticulated with red-brown lines, ribs dark ; aperture rather narrow, lip scarcely denticulated. AprU, 1859. COLUIVIEELLA.— Plate XXVI. Hah. California. middle, yellowish, encircled with two bands of chest- Somewhat allied to C. Terpsichore, but of a quite dis- tinct style of painting. nut dots, the interstices freckled with opaque-white dots, spire rather short, whorls convex, obtusely swollen round the upper part -, aperture squarely ob- long, lip denticulated within. Species 166. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Taylor.) \ ^<^- Guatemala. COLUMBELLA NivosA. Col. teM ovatd, vwdio tnmidd, 1 ^ beautifully painted species, allied to C. varram. fulveocente, pmictis castanek bifascMd, interditus \ ^^""^^^ ^''^^ '=''«^'"^* '^''^^°'^ ^""^ snow-white dots. punctis opaco-albis Untiginosd, spird breviusculd, an- j " fractibm convexis, superne obtme tumidis; aperturd . ^'S- 167. (Mus. Cuming.) qiudrato-oblongd, labro intus deniiculaio. I A verj' characteristic orange-red variety of C. fabula. The snowy Columbella. Shell ovate, tumid in the | described at Pkte XV. Sp. 77. Cdnmhdla Tl.JXSqr. 4 k I i I VlrU'.en.t Brooks ,Im' C L U M B E L L A Plate XXVII. Species 168. (Mus. Cumiug.) CoLCMBELLA MARGARITA. Col. tedd ovatd, crassiiMcu/d, lavigatd, nitente, sub lente punctis minutis aurantio- fttscis lentigitwsd, interdum Jtuctuatd, maculis opaco- albis juxta suturam cingulatd, spird obtmd ; aperturd ntigmld, lahro iucrassalo, varicoso. The peakl Coldmbella. Shell ovate, rather thick, smooth, shining, freckled beneath the lens with very minute red-brown dots, sometimes waved, eucu-cled with opaque-white spots next the suture, spire obtuse; aperture narrow, lip thickened, varicose. ffab. Sandwich Islands. Extremely delicately painted, solid and obtuse in form, with a broad varicose lip. Species 169. (Pig. a, b, Mus. Taylor.) COLUMBELLA Brookei. Col. lesid fimformi, subcunatd, stibangmtd, IcBvigatd, ad ba.nn IhuMri-sulcatd, lutes- cente, strigis cwitunek deme undalis, ad basin nigri- cante ; aperturd angusld, labro intus denticulato. Brooke's Columbella. Shell fusiform, narrow, some- what curved, smooth, linearly grooved at the base, yellowish, densely waved with chestnut streaks, blackish at the base ; aperture narrow, lip denticu- lated within. Hab. Sarawak, Borneo. An attenuately fusiform shell, somewhat curved or bent, of a very distinct typical character, which I have much pleasure in dedicating to the well-known English Eajah. Fig. 170. (Mus. Cuming.) This shell jiroves to be a variety of C. -inffma, described at Plate XVII. Sp. 89. Species 171. (^lus. Cuming.) Columbella delicata. Col. testa suLcylMdraceo- oblongd, Icevigaid, nitente, anfractu ultimo augusto, albidd, relicnld anrantid delicata pictd, ad sttturas maculatd ; aperturd pared, supenie subsinuatd, lahro ittt)'s denticulato. The delicate Columbella. Shell somewhat cylin- drically oblong, smooth, shining, last whorl narrow, whitish, painted with a delicate orange network, spotted at the sutures; aperture small, slightly sinu- ated at the upper part, lip denticulated within. Hab. Guatemala. Painted throughout with a particularly delicate network, somewhat after the manner of (.'. crihraria. Species 172. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella bella. Col. testa fusiformi, pyramldaii, lutescente-albd, lineis aurantio-fuscis undatis fa-iciatd, spird longiusculd, siituris impressis, anfractibus plano- convexis, ultimo ad basin contracto ; aperturd parvd. The pretty Columbella. Shell fusiformly pyramidal, yellowish-white, painted with bands of waved orange- brown lines, spire rather long, sutures impressed, whorls flatly convex, the last contracted at the base, aperture small. ITab. China. This pyramidal species is distinguished by a very characteristic and uniform style of painting. Round the upper edge of the whorls, next the suture, are dark flames at rather distant intervals. The flames are then lighter and more numerous, and leave a conspicuous white zone. Species 173. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella tuberculata. Col. testa ovatd, longitu- dinaliter oblique costatd, costis juxta suturas tubercti- latis, albd, snperne riifo-fasciald, spird turritd ; aper- turd parvd, superne sinuatd, labro incrassato, intus denticulato. The tubercled Columbella. Shell ovate, longitu- dinally obliquely ribbed, ribs tubercled next the sutures, white, encircled round the upper part with a red band, spire turreted ; aperture small, sinuated at the upper part, lip thickened, denticulated within. Hab. ? Chiefly distinguished by its tubercularly ribbed sculp- ture, and very closely resembling in general aspect a well- kuown division of the Mitres. April, 1859. COLUMBELLA.— Plate XXVII. Species 174. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) CoLUjiBELLA EssiNGTONENSis. Col. testd aciculari, clavatd, lam, politd, livido-piirpured vel albd, rvfo- fasclatd, spird acuta, anfractiius submu/ustis, ultimo snhffibboso; aperturd parvd, mperne sinuatd, labro in- cramato, varicoso. TuE EssiNGTON CoLUMBELLA. Shell acicular, club- shaped, smooth, polished, livid-purple or white, banded with red, spire sharp, whorls rather narrow, the last somewhat gibbous ; aperture small, siuuatcd at the upper part, lip thick, varicose. llab Port Essington, Australia. A rather solid, acicular, club-shaped shell, smooth and shining, with a thickened, varicose lip. Species 175. (Mus. Cuming.) OoLUMBELLA FENESTKATA. Col. teitd ovafit, codu transversis et longitudinalibiM undique feneHratd, alhidd, pallide rufo-fasciatd, spird subturritd, anjran- tibm rotundatis, eostiii mbtubereulatis .- aperiurd parmusciild, labro incrassato, inlus denticuMo. The LATTICED CoLUMBELLA. Shell ovate, latticed throughout with longitudinal and transverse ribs, whitish, faintly red-banded, spire somewhat turreted, whorls rounded, with the ribs slightly tubcrclcd ; aperture rather smaU, lip thickened, denticulated within. Hab. ? A faintly red-banded shell, roughly latticed throughout. cdunibdia PI. urn. 4 4 I I 4 I COLUMBELLA Plate XXVIII. Species 176. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA EORIDA. Col. testd oblongo-ovald, pellit- cido-albd, titred, pimctis opaco-albis medio fasciald, atifractibus convexis, snperne leviier concavo-impressis ; aperturd subangnstd, labro mmplici, snperne sinuato. The dewy Columbella. Shell oblong, ovate, transpa- rent-white, glassy, encircled round the middle with a band of opaque-white dots, whorls convex, slightly coneavely impressed at the upper part ; aperture ra- ther narrow, lip simple, siiiuated above. Hab. Lord Hood's Island (found on Avicula margaritifera, in coral sand, at a depth of six fathoms); Cuming. A transparent, glassy shell, encircled round the middle with a necklace of opaque-white dots, like little pearls or (U'wdrops. Species 177. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Taylor.) ("olumbella crassiI/ABRIS. Col. lesid ovatd, undique tenui cancellatd, li/tescenie, inacidis rufo-fuscis sagiUi- formis bifasciafim cinctd, ad basin purpureo-maculatd, spird breviuscidd, acuta; aperturd pared, lahro cras- ■ The thick-lip Columbella. Shell ovate, finely can- cellated throughout, yellowish, encircled with two bands of red-brown arrow-headed marks, puqile- spotted at the base, spire rather short, sharp ; aper- ture small, lip very thick, varicose. Hab. ? A small, stout shell, with an unusually thickened vari- cose lip, encircled with bauds of brown arrowhead-shaped marks, with generally a conspicuous purple blotch about the base. Species 178. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella fllgida. Col. testd subelongatd, pellucido- alba, fulgidd, strigis undalis pallide anrantio-fuscis longiludinaliter pictd ; aperturd subangusid, labro in- tus denticulato. The glittering Colcmbella. Shell rather elongated, transparent-white, glittering, painted longitudinally with faint, waved, orauge-brown streaks; aperture ra- ther narrow, lip denticulated within. Ildb. Port Lincoln, Australia. A narrow, glassy shell, very delicately waved with orauge-brown longitudinal streaks. Fig. 179. (Mus. Cuming.) riic shell here figured is a variety of C. diminnta, (.;. Adams, described at PI. XX. Sp. 115. Species 180. (Mus. Taylor.) Columbella sagitta. Col. testd aciculari, pellucido- albd, prope sutiiras opucd, maculis sagittiferis loiigitu- dinalibus, deitule pmictis opaco-albii cingulatd, anfrac- tibics plamdatis, ultimo coutracto ; aperturd parvd, superne sinuatd, labro intus denticulato. The arrow Columbella. Shell acicular, transpareut- white, opaque next the sutures, with longitudinal arrow-headed spots, then encircled with opaque-white dots, whor's rather fiat, the last contracted ; apci-ture small, sinuated at the upper part. Up denticulated within. Gaskoin, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 10. Hab. Africa. West Indies. It is impossible to represent the glassy texture, and pearly, opaque-white dots of this beautiful species in a Species 181. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella lunata. Col. testd ovatd, medio subglobosd, alba, lineis castaneis undalis subdistantibus longitudi- naliler pictd, ad basin purpureo-marginatd ; aperturd pared, labro intus viv denticulato. The lunar-marked Columbella. Shell ovate, some- what globose in the middle, white, painted longitudi- nally with rather distant, waved, chestnut lines, pur- ple-edged at the base; aperture small, lip scarcely denticidated within. Na.s,m lunata. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. v. p. 213. Buccinum Imiatum, Adams. Hab. Cape Cod, Bay of Massachusetts, United States (a few feet below low-water mark, clinging to stones, seaweed, and other shells); Gould. The lunar spots on this shell are formed by a longitudi- nal striping of rather distant waved chestnut lines upon a while ground. Species 182. (Mus. Taylor.) (loLUMBELLA vELATA. Col. testd ovatd, lavi, uitente, mduneo densissime reticulata, anfractibus subplanula- lis ; aperturd pared, lahro intus denticulato, superite .tubsiuuato. T'hk, VEILED Columbella. Shell ovate, smooth, shin- ing, very densely reticulated with chestnut, whorls rather flattened; aperture small, lip denticulated with- in, slightly sinuated at the upper part. Hab. ? A smooth shell, of sim[)le growth, veiled, as it were, with a very close network paiutiug of dark chestnut. April, 1859. CvlumbeUan.nil. 4 4 4f" COLUMBELLA. Plate XXIX. Species 183. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA ROSACEA. Col. lestd ovald, crassd, lavi, earneo-rosaced, anfraclvbm plamlalk ultimo gibbosi- mciilo, ad basin conlracto ; a2)ertdrd parvd, lain iub- varicoso, inlus denticulato, miperne mbpmarginato. The pink Colu.mbella. Shell ovate, thick, smooth, flesh-pink, whorls flattened, the last rather gibbous, contracted at the base, aperture small, lip subvaricose, denticulated within, slightly notched at the upper part. Hob. ? Of smooth solid growth, coloured throughout with flesh-rose, which is deeper towards the apex. Species 18-1. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Taylor.) Columbella Lincolnensis. Col. testa acuminata, solid/!, lavi, livido-albd, reticuld castaned sirigaid, vel purpureo-casianeo varie iinctd, anfractibus planulatis, ultimo ad basin contrado ; labro tenui, superne eniargi- nato, itUus denticulato. The Lincoln Columbella. Shell acuminately solid, smooth, livid-white, streaked with chestnut network, or variously stained with purple-chestnut, whorls rather flattened, the last contracted at the base, lip thin, notched at the upper part, denticulated within. Hab. Port Lincoln, Australia. This Australian species is curiously analogous with the Mediterranean C. corniculata. Species 185. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella akata. Col. testd fmiformi-acuminatd, undique spiraliter siilcatd, lulescente, maculis rufo- fuscis variegatd, anfractibus numerosis, convexis, ulti- mo ad basin contrado et recuno ; aperturd parvd, co- lumelld excavatd, labro simplici, subexpanso. The tloughed Columbella. Shell fusiformly acumi- nated, spirally grooved throughout, yellowish, varie- gated with red-brown spots, whorls uumerous, con- vex, the last contracted and recurved at the base ; aperture small, columella excavated, lip simple, slightly expanded. Hab. ? This shell might very fairly be regarded as the type of a new genus. Its generic characters have little in common with those of Columbella. Species 186. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Columbella lumbricus. Col. testd cylindraceo-ncicu- lari, lavigatd, nitente, rosaceo-fuscescente pallide reti- culata, anfractibus planulatis, prope apicem longitudi- naliler sulcatis ; aperturd minutd, columella excavatd, labro simplici. The grub Columbella. Shell cyliudrieally acicular, smooth, shining, faintly reticulated with pink-brown, whorls rather flat, longitudinally grooved near the apex; aperture very small, columella excavated, lip simple. Eab. Isle of Capul, Philippines ; Cuming. Of a narrow, Terebra-WV^ form, marked with a faint network of pink-brown. Species 187. (Mus. Cuming.) Columbella saccuarata. Col. testd acuminata, pelln- cido-rosacen, ad basin opaco-albd, anfractibus convexis, lavibus, ultimo inferne contrado et suleato ; aperturd ovatd, columelld labroque denticulatis. The candied Columbella. Shell acuminated, trans- parent-pink, opaque-white at the base, whorls con- vex, smooth, the last contracted at the lower part, and grooved ; aperture ovate, lip and columella den- ticulated. Mab. Van Diemen's Land. Although a shell of comparatively stout growth, all the specimens I have seen are of the same uniform trans- pareut-pink substance, white in the columella. Fig. 188. (Mus. Taylor.) Since describing at Plate XV. the C. australis of the late Mr. Gaskoin, I have had an opportunity of examin- ing the original types of that species, now in the eollec" tion of Mr. Taylor. It will be seen, by comparing the accompanying figure with Fig. 78, that the species varies considerably. Species 189. (Mus. Cuming.) Colu.mbella sugillata. Col. testd ovatd, livido- fuscd vel purpurascente, spird turritd, anfractibus superne tuberculato-costatis, tuberculis niveis; aper- turd subquadrato-ovatd, labro subvaricoso, superne suhangulato, intus denticulato. The bruised Columbella. Shell, ovate, livid-brown or purple, spire turreted, whorls tubercularly ribbed round the upper part, tubercles white; aperture some- what squarely ovate, lip slightly varicose, angled at the upper part, denticulated within. Hab. China Seas. Of a livid-brown or purplish hue, tlie tubercles with which it is strongly coronated throughout being tipped - with white. April, 1859. CoUinduUaPl nX k 4 i I I Sowei'bv.cic) dliLh . COLUMBELLA. Plate XXX. Species 190. (Mus. Cuming.) CoLUMBELLA EMAEGINATA. Col. testd Qvatd, subobesd, nitenie, albidd, reticuld rufo-fmcd fasciaid et macu- latd, versus apicem spiraliter iilineatd, spird brevius- culd, acuta, anfractibus prope apicem costellaiis, de- inde l 1 ^ y "Vincera Brooks. Imf C A L Y P T R .E A Plate Y. Species 16. (Tig. 16 a aod 16 6, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptk.ea scabies. Oalyp. testa traH^verse ovatd, pa- rum convexd, con pen trice rugosd, mblamellatd, radia- lim minutissime striata, vertice ohluso, subpostico ; ap- pendice interna parvd, hreviasimd ; albd, extiis sordide fulvescenle. The scab Calyptr.«a. Shell transversely ovate, but little convex, concentrically rugose, siiblamellar, ra- diately very minutely striated, top obtuse, somewhat posterior ; internal appendage small, very short ; white, exterior dull-fulvous. Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. The internal appendage in this species is somewhat ob- scurely developed. Species 17. (Fig. 17 o and 17 4, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr^a uncinata. Cahjp. testd depresso-pileiformi, tentii, snbcorriii/atd, radiatim dense minutissime striata, vertice postico, acute depresse tmcinato; pellncido-albd, hyaliud ; appendiee interna obliqnd, prominente. The hooked Calyptrjja. Shell depressly cap-shaped, thin, slightly wrinkled, radiately densely very mi- nutely striated, top posterior, sharply depressly hooked ; transparent-white, hyaline ; internal appen- dage oblique, prominent. Hab. Island of St. Thomas, West Indies. A hyaline, sharply-hooked, rather depressly cap-shaped shell, from the West Indies, composed of the same mi- nute thread-rayed tissue as the Philippine Island species. Species 18. (Fig. 18 a and 18i, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr/Ea coerugata. Calyp. testa suborbiculari, de- pressd, medio conoided, radiatim striata et costato- corrugatd, prope maryinem subsquamato-fimiriatd, deinde rejlexd, vertice subrecto, obscure uncinate; albd, versus marginem sordide fuscescente ; appendiee in- ternd subampld, latd. The wrinkled Calyptr.-ea. Shell nearly orbicular, depressed, conoid in the middle, radiately striated and rib-wrinkled, slightly scale-fringed near the margin, then reflected, top nearly straight, obscurely hooked ; white, dull-fulvous towards the margin ; in- ternal appendage rather large, broad. Broderip, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 197. pi. 27- f. 2. Hab. Guacornayo, Central America (under stones at a depth of fourteen fathoms) ; Cuming. A fine depressly-spread conoid shell, sculptured with rib-like ^VTinkles radiating from the centre, and at the margin becoming slightly fimbriately scaled. Species 19. (Fig. 19 « and Vib, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr.oEA ossea. Calyp. testd orbiculari, depressd, medio conoided, pellucido-albd, hyalind, radiatim dense striatd, striis subconspicuis, vertice postico, acute tm- cinato ; appendiee internd obliqud, prominente. The bone Calyptr.ea. Shell orbicular, depressed, co- noid in the middle, transparent-white, hyaline, ra- diately densely striated, strise rather conspicuous, top posterior, sharply hooked; internal appendage ob- lique, prominent. Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines ; Cuming. A very transparent depressly-spread species, in which the radiating striee have a somewhat lattice-ridged aspect. Species 30. (Fig. 20 a and 20 6, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr^a porosa. Calyp. testd orbiculari, elevato- conicd, pileiformi, undique dense reticulato-corrugatd, porosd, albd, vertice postico, minute acute uncinato ; appendiee interna subarcuatd. The porous Calyptr^a. Shell orbicular, elevately co- nic, cap-shaped, everywhere densely reticulately wrin- kled, porous, white, top minutely sharply hooked, internal appendage slightly arched. Hab. Australia; Strange. Like all Australian forms, there is something extremely characteristic about the species. The entire surface of the shell is shrivelled, so to speak, into a close network or honeycomb of wrinkles, the tissue of the shell being still composed of radiating thread-like stria?, as in all the typi- cal species of the genus. Deceoiber, 1858. oil OalyptroBwPl VL .^ > 4?%2t Sowcrljy.dfil et UtVi. Enlarged one fourth Wn'; ent "Br ooka.Itnp ^ C ALYPTR.EA. Species 21. (Fig. 31 a and 31 b, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr^a Balanoides. Calyp. iestd oblique conicd, irregulari, radiatim minute striata et promiscue cos- tato-corrugatd, alba, verlice acvio, subuncinato ; ap- pendice interna obliqtid. The Babnacle-like Calypth.«a. Shell obliquely conic, irregular, radiately minutely striated and pro- miscuously rib-wrinkled, white, top sharp, slightly hooked ; internal ap])endage oblique. Uab. Island of Bohol, Philippines ; Cuming. The wrinkled sculpture in this little Balanus-]^k.(i species takes somewhat the form of straggling ribs. Species 33. (Fig. 33 a and 33 i, Mus. Cuming.) CalyptRjEA cornea. Cahjp. testa transverse ovatd, de- pressd, radiatim minute striata, concentrice lineata, complanatd, parum corrugatd, vertice postico, unci- nato ; appendice interna ohliqud. The horny CALYPTKiEA. Shell transversely ovate, depressed, radiately minutely striated, concentrically lineated, smooth, but little wrinkled, top posterior, hooked ; internal appendage oblique. Broderip, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 197. pi. 37. f. 5. Eab. Peru (from sandy mud at the depth of nine fathoms) ; Cuming. A plain depressed shell, finely hooked, and inclined posteriorly. Species 33. (Fig. 33 a and 23 i, Mus. Cuming.) CalyptRjEA DiAPHANA. Calyp. testa ovatd, rude con- vexd, pelliicido-albd, diaphand, radiatim minute striatd, striis subdivaricatis, concentrice corrugatd, rugis pli- cato-reticulatis, vertice postico, obtuse uncinato ; ap- pendice interna obliqud. The DIAPHANOUS Calyptr^a. Shell ovate, rudely convex, transparent-white, diaphanous, radiately mi- nutely striated, striae subdivaricate, concentrically corrugated, wrinkles plicately reticulated, top pos- terior, obtusely hooked ; internal appendage oblique. Eab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. Of peculiariy clear diaphanous substance, sculptured with a promiscuous open network of tumid wrinkles. Species 34. (Fig. 24 a and 34 b, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr.ea STELLA. Calyp. testa suborbicidari, planu- latd, liris subtilibus radiantibus striis concentricis de- cussatis, dense nitide stellatd, vertice subcentrali, parvo, acuta ; appendice interna brevissimd. The star Calyptr^ea. Shell nearly orbicular, rather flat, closely neatly starred with fine radiating ridges crossed with concentric striae, top nearly central, small, sharp ; internal appendage very short. Hal). Belize, Honduras; Dyson. The sculpture of this little thin flattened species is more regular and symmetrical than in any other species. It appears to represent a different type. Species 25. (Fig. 35 a and 35 b, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr^a varia. Calyp. testa orbiculari vel transverse ovatd, plano-eoncavd, nunc tenui, nunc crassiusculd, radiatim creberrime striatd, laevigata, pellncido-albd, vertice subcentrali, parvo, subacute; appendice interna latiusculd. The variable Calyptr^a. Shell orbicular or trans- versely ovate, flatly concave, sometimes thin, some- times rather thick, radiately very closely striated, smooth, transparent-white, top nearly central, small, rather sharp ; internal appendage rather broad. Broderip, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 197. pi. 37. f. 3. Ilab. Lord Hood's Island, the Galapagos and Island of Muerte, Bay of Guayaquil (on the reefs) ; Cuming. Ii\ all its variations this species is contracted at the margin on the side next the vertex. December, 1858. A CahptrcraPl. ML 9 S c^t^]r^, dcLct litK . HiLLargfi one fcan-tL Tuiceiit Brooks, iTnp CALYPTRyEA Species 26. (Eig. 26 a, b, c, d, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr^a Hipponicipoemis. Cali/p. testa elevato- conicd, obliqud, pellucido-albd, undigue subtiliter Jilo- striatd, interdum rude corrngata ; veriice postico, valde obliguo, obtuso ; appendke interna gracili. The Hipponyx-shaped Calyptr^.a. Shell elevately couioal, oblique, transparent-white, everywhere finely thread-striated, sometimes rudely wrinkled ; top pos- terior, very oblique, obtuse ; internal appendage slender. Hah. Island of Bohol, Philippine Islands ; Cuming. In form this shell has an unusual tendency to lean over obli(iuely to the posterior side. It is of an exquisite thread- ."triated tissue. tern of cancellated scaled sculpture than any other, the ribs being mostly distinguished by a fine groove down the middle. Species 27. (Fig. 27 a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr.«a cancellata. Calyp. testa oblique conicd, pellucido-albd, radiatim teiiuicostatd, costis medio sub- tilissime sulcatis, striis coneentricis cancellatis et fim- briato-sgiiamatis, vertice mimito, acuta, postice valde producto ; appendice interna subprominente. The cancellated CalyptRjEa. Shell obliquely coni- cal, transparent-white, radiately finely ribbed, ribs very finely grooved down the middle, cancellated and fimbriately scaled with concentric striaj, top mi- nute, sharp, very much produced posteriorly; inter- nal appendage rather prominent. Adams and Reeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, p. 70. pi. 11. f. 4.. Hab. China Sea. This species is characterized by a more elaborate pat- Species 28. (Fig. 28 a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr^a Layaedi. Calyp. testa elevato-conicd, sub- globosd, radiatim subacute striato-cosiatd, vertice ob- tuso, postice obliguo; alba ; appendice interna recta, subprominente. Layard's Calyptr.ea. Shell elevately conical, rather globose, radiately rather sharply striately ribbed, top obtuse, posteriorly oblique ; white ; internal appen- dage straight, rather prominent. Tlai. Ceylon ; E. L. Layard. A well-marked species, more globosely elevated than the preceding, with a simpler form of sculpture. Species 29. (Pig. 29 a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr.'Ea cyathella. Calyp. testa orbiculari, semi- globosd, pelltccido-albd, radiatim tenuistriatd, concert- trice compresse laniellatd, alba,, vertice vix obliguo, ob- tuso ; appendice interna subrectd. The little cup Calyptr^a. Shell orbicular, semi- globose, transparent-white, radiately finely striated, concentrically eompressly lamellated, white, top scarcely oblique, obtuse ; internal appendage nearly straight. Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines ; Cuming. This little shell has scarcely any oblique growth, being a half sphere. aber, 1858. CalyptraaFl JM X fy" '% y.r,]ar.gel 'TnT' tiixra ErDolfs, Imp C ALYPTR^.A. Plate VIII. Species 30. (Fig. a, I, c, d, Mns. Cuming.) Oalyptr.ea scutulom. Calyp. testa orbiculari, regula- riter convexd, pelUtcido-albd, hyalind, radiatim liratd, liris aqtddistantibus, iiderditm radiatim striatis, ver- iicepostico, mcinato ; appendice interna parvd. The little shield Calyptej:a. Shell orbicular, regu- hirly couvex, transparent-white, hyaline, radiately ridged, ridges equidistant, interstices radiately stri- ated, top posterior, hooked; internal appendage small. Hob. Philippine Islands ; Cuming. Characterized by a brood orbicular form, with the radi- ating ridges rather conspicuous, at equal distances. Species 31. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr.^a ACi'LEATA. Cali/p. testd siiborbiculari, de- presso-convexd, pellucido-albd, hyalind, sub lente te- iiuissime radiatim striata, margim corrugatd, acule- ato-sqiiamatd, squamis promiscuis, subdistaniibus, ver- tice postico, acute uncinato; appendice intm-ud gracili. The pkickly Calyptr.«a. Shell nearly orbicular, de- pressly convex, transparent-white, hyaline, beneath the lens very finely radiately striated, crumpled at the margin, prickly scaled, scales promiscuous, rather distant, top posterior, sliarply hooked ; internal ap- pendage slender. llab. Honduras; Dyson. This very delicate little species is" distinguished from all others by the presence of a number of rather distant squa- mate spines. Species 32. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Calypte^a Vanikorensis. Calyp. testd oblique conicd, crassiusculd, pellucido-albd, radiatim liratd et striatd, vertice postico, elevato ; appendice interna perobliqud. The Vanikoko Calyptr^ia. Shell obliquely conical, rather thick, transparent-white, radiately ridged and striated, top posterior, raised; internal appendage very oblique. QuoY, Moll. Yoy. de TAstrolabc, pi. 72. f. 20-24. Hab. ? Resemliling C. sciitulum in sculpture, but of more rude oblique growth. Species 33. (Fig a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Calyptr.ea umbo. Calyp. testd elevato-conicd, pileiformi, pellucido-albd, radiatim liratd et striatd, liris rude fortibtis, rugoso-interruptis, verti.ce subpostico, unci- nato ; appendice interna gracili. The boss Calypte^a. Shell elevately conical, cap- shaped, transparent-white, radiately ridged and stri- ated, ridges strong, roughly interrupted, top subpos- terior, hooked ; internal appendage slender. Hab. Honduras; Dyson. The ridges of this little erect, cap-shaped species are strong and peculiarly roughened. December, 1858. CALYPTR.EA, aculeata, Reeve VIII. 31 Adamsii, Beeve . . III. 7 alveolata, A. Adams 111. 8 Balanoides, Reeve VI. 21 bulla, Beeoe II. 4 cancellata, Adaim and Reeve VII. 27 cepacea, Broderip IV. 14 cicatricosa, Reeve I. 3 cornea, Broderip VI. 22 corrugata, Broderip V. 18 cyathella, Reeve VII. 29 depressa, Adams and Eeeve .... III. 7 diaphana, Reeve VI. 23 dorniitoria. Reeve ... II. 5 equestris {Patella), Linnaeus .1. 1 fibulata, ifc«oe IV. 11 Hipponiciformis, Reeve VII. 26 Layardi, Reeve VII. 28 Martiniana, Reeve IV. 13 ossea. Reeve V. 19 papyracea, A. Adams II. 6 porosa, Reeve V. 20 Koissyi, Dufo 1. 1 sacchari-meta, Reeve IV. 15 scabies, Reeve V. 16 scutulura. Reeve VIII. 30 steUa, Reeve VI. 24 stultorum. Reeve . IV. 12 tectum-Sineuse(Pa/«««), Cheni. III. 10 tortilis, Reeve I. 2 umbo, Reeve VIII. 33 uncinaia. Reeve V. 17 Vanikorensis, Quay VIII. 32 varia, Broderip VI. 25 MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS C R E P I D U L A, do ;i(l(in- thy swfpt grace's slipiier." Sliukspeare. CiruictidMyTlyl. A?"mo,eaiJ3roaks.Imp C R E P I D U L A . Plate I. Genus CREPIDULA, Lamarck. Testa ovaia vel ohlonga, plerunujue obliqua, extus laviffuta, raru costata, apice brni, sapiss'mif marffiiiali, phis minus rostrnto, i/ifits cava, lamina //ori:oniali septi- formi, inlerdmn ad latus emaryhiald. Shell ovate or oblong, gi-adually oblique, smooth exteriorly, rarely ribbed, with the apex mostly marginal and more or less beaked, interiorly hollow, with a hori- zontal septum-like lamina, sometimes notched at the side. The Crepidula, or true Slipper Limpets, are character- ized by the internal appendage, which is the distinguishing feature of this family, assuming a horizontal deck-like form. The species have been little added to since they were mo- nographed twenty-five years ago by Mr. Broderip, and several then described as new have proved to be varieties of others. They are chiefly inhabitants of the New World. Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.) Crepidula ungdiformis. Crcp. testa ovali vel ohlongd, plana aid concavd, srepe contortd, complanatd, extus concentrice striata, epidermide subpilosdjiavescenle in- terdura versus marginem indutd, inttis nitente-albd ; appendicc siibampliter septiformi, ad latus suhemargi- nald. The nail-shaped Crepidula. Shell oval or oblong, flat or concave, often twisted, smooth, externally con- centrically striated, sometimes covered towards the margin with a yellowish somewhat hairy epidermis, internally shining-white ; appendage rather largely septum-shaped, slightly notched at the side. Lamahck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 642. Patella crepidula, LinnsBUS. Crepidula calceoiina, Desliayes. Crepidula sinuosa, Turton. Crepidula Candida, Risso. Crepidula Italica, Defrance. Crepidula plana. Say. Hab. Mediterranean and Atlantic sens. Extremely variable in form, according to its place of at- tachment, but uniformly of a thin, white, brittle substance, shining and subdiaphauous on the inner side, while the outer is frequently covered towards the margin with yellowish somewhat hairy epidermis. Species 2. (Fig. a, 6, Mus. Taylor.) Crepidula porcellana. Crep. testa ovatd, conccxu, solidiusculd, apice recurvd et subrostratd, albidd, intus extusque Uvido-rufo et purpurea tinctd et radiatim ma- cidatd ; appendice interna subprofiindd, concavd, medio siunatd. The porcelain Crepidula. Shell ovate, convex, rather solid, recurved and slightly beaked at the apex, whit- ish, stained and radiately spotted within and without with livid-red and purple ; internal appendage rather deep, concave, sinuated in the middle. Lamar{ K, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 642. Fati-lla porcellana, Linnaeus. Eab. West Africa. Mr. Cuming possesses small specimens of this species from West Africa, but there is every reason to believe that it has a far wider range of habitation. Species 3. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.) Crepidula dilatata. Crep. testa ovato-rotundatd, cras- siu.iculd, siibirrfyidari, oblique curvatd, intus extusque albidd, lirido-fiisro ad marginem tinctd et radiatim ti- nea td ; appendice inter nd roncavitisculd, rotunda td, ad latus profundi einarginatd. The dilated Crepidula. Shell ovately rounded, rather thick, somewhat irregular, curved obliquely, whitish within and without, stained and radiately lineated at the margin with livid-brown ; internal appendage ra- ther concave, rounded, deeply notched at the side. Lamarck, Anim. sans vert. vol. vii. p. 644. Hab. Straits of Magelhaens and Falkland Islands. Cliili ; Cuming. This fine species may be chiefly recognized by its obUquely curved concave form, and livid-brown marginal colouring. It is common of a smaller size. Species 4. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Ci Crepidula excavata. Crep. testa ohlongo-ovafd, cras- siuscidd, stiblurtiiosd, lideralder coinpressd, apice obli- CEErmULA.— Plate I. que incurvdet rostrafd, inttis extmque fuhescente-albd, purpurea et rufescenti^-fusco iinctd et lineatd; appen- dice inlernd profunda, plana. The excavated Crepidula. Shell oblong-ovate, ra- ther thick, somewhat twisted, compressed at the side, obliquely incurved and beaked at the apex, fulvous- white within and without, stained and lineated with purple and reddish-brown ; internal appendage deep, flat. Broderip, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 205. pi. 29. f. 7. Hah. Chili; Cuming. The lateral compression which gives a somewhat twisted form to this species appears to be natural to it, and not the result of any peculiarity in its place or mode of attach- ment. Species 5. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.) Crepidula squama. Crep. testa suboblique ovatd, plano- concavd, complanatd, fulvescente-albd, lineis fusces- ceiite-rufis radlaiim str'ujatd; appendice interna eleca- tiiiscidd, ad latus subemarginatd. The scale Crepidula. Shell somewhat obliquely ovale, flatly concave,smooth,fulvous-white,radiately streaked with brownish-red lines ; internal appendage rather raised, slightly notched at the side. Broderip, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 305. pi. 29. f 10. Hab. Panama; Cuming. A delicate and well-marked species, rayed outwardly with fine fuscous-red lines from the apex to the margin, where they are lost in a covering of yellowish epidermis. Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.) Crepidula Nautiloides. Crep. tedd oblique ovald, profundi (jibbosd, tenuiculd, albidd, carneo-fusceseenti' tiiictd et strigatd ; appendice interna sidirotundatd, convexd, ad latus emarginatd. The Nautiloid Crepidula. Shell obliquely ovate, deeply gibbous, rather thin, whitish, stained and streaked with light flesh-brown ; internal appendage somewhat round, convex, notched at the side. Lesson, MS. Mus. Cuming. Hab. New York. The species which Mr. Cuming has from New York with the above name, is of the same type of the genus as C. dilatata. (rfj)irh(lw Fh 11 . Vl J i "\Tr,c.-;.. broal-s.Iii T R C H I T A Plate III. Species 11. (Mus. Brit.) TnocuiT.^ CALYPTBiEFOKMis. Trocfi. testa orhiculato- convexd, subspiraii, apice mamillatd; alba vel lutes- cente, epidermide tomentosd induid, intus alba, purpu- Tascente-carneo interdum tinctd, appendice septiformi, latiusculd. The Calypth.^a-shaped Teochita. Shell orbicularly convex, rather spiral, mamillary at the apex ; white or yellowish, covered with a hairy epidermis, interior white, sometimes tinged with purple-flesh, appendage septum -shaped, rather broad. Trochus CalyplrceformU, Lamarck, Anim. vii. p. 627. Calyptrana Lamarckii, Deshayes. Crepidida tomentosa, Quoy and Gaimard. Hab. Tasmania. Rather more spirally convoluted than in its nearest allied species, T. macidala, and of smaller size. vert. vol. Species 12. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Tbochita mamillaris. Troch. testa conicd, pileiformi, IcBvigatd, apice mamiUan; corneo-albd, livido-purpu- rascente tinctd, intus ferruyineo-purpvred, appendice mblaterali, ad marginem centralem reflexd. The MAMiLLAiiY Tkochita. Shell conical, cap-shaped, smooth, mamillary at the apex; horny-white, stained with livid-purple, interior rust-purple, appendage ra- ther lateral, reflected at the central margin. Calyptrcea mamillaris, Broderip, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 201. pi. 28. f. 5. Hab. Island of Muerte, Central America ; Cuming. This species is chiefly characterized by its livid-puqile horny substance, and simple cap-like conical form. Species 13. (Tig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Trochita conica. Trocli. testd conicd, subpileiformi, te- nuiculd, concentrice rude striatd, apice submucronatd ; corneo-albidd, rufo wndique nebulaid et irregnlariter maculatd, appendice interna diaphano-albd, laterali, The conical Trociuta. Shell conical, somewhat cap- shaped, rather thin, concentrically rudely striated, ra- ther pointed at the apex; flesh-white, clouded and irregularly spotted throughout with red, internal ap- pendage dia[ihanous-white, lateral, eflfused. Calyptrma conica, Broderip, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. ji. 202. pi. 28. f. 7. Hah. Xipixapi and Salango, West Columbia (attached to stones, in deep water); Cuming. This fine species may be recognized by its densely red- spotted colouring, and smaller diaphanous-white internal appendage. Species 1-i. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Tkochita clypeolum. Troch. testa orbiculari-depressd, apice snbi/iami/lari, concentrice rude .itriatd ; sordide albd, epidermide deusd fibrosd indutd, intus ebumed, appendice ampld, septiformi, parum reflexd. The little-shielu Tkochita. Shell orbicularly de- pressed, rather mamillary at the apex, concentrically rudely striated ; dirty-white, covered with a thick fibrous epidermis, interior ivory-white, appendage large, septum-shaped, but little reflected. Hab. Straits of Magalhaens. A fine species, of rather depressed growth, covered with a dense fibrous epidermis, with the internal septum-shaped appendage reaching to the outer margin in a regular, tro- choid growth. Species 15. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Trochita .maculata. Troch. testd orbiculari, convexd, subspiraii, concentrice striatd; albd, epidermide densd fibrosd indutd, intus concavd, albd, violaceo nnimacti- latd, appendice ampld, septiformi, vix reflexd. The blotched Trochita. Shell orbicular, convex, somewhat spiral, concentrically striated ; white, co- vered with a thick fibrous epidermis, interior concave, white, stained with a single blotch of violet, appen- dage large, septum-shaped, scarcely reflected. QnoY and Gaimard, Voyage de I'Astrolabe, vol. iii. p. 422. pi. 72. f. 6, 9. Uab. New Zealand. The interior of this species is characterized by the pre- sence of a large violet stain. Pig, 16. (Mus. Brit.) The shell here figured appears to be a large subtropical state of T. Sinensis. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS A N M I A. " Why, love forswore me ia my mother's womb , And, for 1 should not deal in her soft laws. She did corrupt frail nature with some bribe To shrink mine arm up like a withered shrub ; To make an envious mountain on my back, Where sits deformity to mock my body ; To disproportion me in every part. Like to a chaos . . . But to command, to check, to o'erbear such As are of better person than myself, I can add colours to the chameleon. Change shapes with Proteus." Sliaksfeare AiWfnia PL I. % k>. f' iovrarby. daL et lith Vincent Brooks, Imp. A N M I A Plate I. Genus ANOMIA, L'nmaus. Testa plerumque orbicularis, inasquivalvis, irregularis, affixa, interdum solidiuscula, scspissime ieauissinux, hyalina. Valva inferior plana, prope cardinem orbiculatim perforata et emarginata, perforatione curieoh adluB- sionis suhcalcareo libere ■■ impletd. Valva superior convexa, squamaio-laminala, striata ant costata, im- pressionibus muscularibus friius, subcentralibus. Cardo edenttdas, ligamento brevi ad callosiiatem ajfixo. Shell generally orbicular, iuequivalve, irregular, affixed, sometimes rather solid, mostly very thin, hyaline. Lower valve flat, orbicularly perforated and notched near the hinge, perforation freely filled with a sub- calcareous plug of adhesion. Upper valve convex, squamately laminated, striated or ribbed, with three subcentral muscular impressions. Hinge toothless, with the ligament short, attached to a callosity. AnomifB are of all shells the most difficult to determine the species. Liviug attached to foreign bodies, and being mostly of fragile texture, the shell becomes more or less shaped to the irregularities of its surface of attach- ment. If growing upon a ribbed surface, the shell as- sumes a ribbed structure; but the ribs formed under these circumstances are not marked by the definition and character which belong to a species that has a typical ribbing or striation oi' its own. There is periiaps greater difficulty in discriminating between tiie difl:"erent states of a species incident to age and haliitat. The well-known A. t'phlppiiiin of the European seas has been described twenty times over. Even of the nine recent Anom'ue de- scribed by Lamarck, eight are supposed to be referable to this one species. Several important species of Anomia had been long known in Mr. Cuming's cabinet, when Dr. Gray, in 1849, undertook to describe them. To these a few are now added, including one of large size and striking character, A. nobilis, from the Sandwich Islands, and the list is ex- tended to thirty-three. There is little to generalize u])ou in connection with tlieir places of habitation. Australia contributes the finest species in A. elyros, and the rest so far as the habitats are known, would appear to be almost limited to the shores which have been dredged by ilr. Cuming, some in the New World and some in the Old. Other sources of information as to the localities inha- bited by this genus are much needed. Species 1. (Mus. Cuming.) This shell represents Anomia pohjmorpha of Philippi, who has given definitions of seven distinct varieties. It is of a thin, crystalline texture, with a well defined umbo, and is found abundantly both in the interior and on the exterior of shells and other marine bodies, varying in ap- pearance and structure according to the irregularities of its place of attachment. It has been considered by \)x. Gray and by Messrs. Forbes and Hanley to be only so many states of A. ephippium, and I incline to concur in that opinion. Species 3. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Anomi.\ plenilunium. Anom. testa orbiculari, subopaco- albu, Jlavicanie, versus niargimm pellucido-laminutd, valva inferiore lineis Jiexttoso-radiatd. The full-moon Anomia. Shell orbicular, somewhat opaque-white; yellowish, transparently laminated to- wards the margin ; lower valve flexuously rayed witii lines. Hab. Borneo. The under valve of this species is tumidly raised about the orifice, with flexuous lines diverghig around. Species 3. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia. elyros. Anom. testa subqiiadratd, ampld, crajs- siusculd, radiatim dense rugoso-striatd, striis irregula- ribus ; opaco-albd, valva superiore ferrugitieo tincid, inferiore viresceide. The Port Essington Anomia. Shell somewhat square, large, rather thick, radiately densely roughly striatetl, stria; ii-regular, opaque-white, upper valve tinged with rust, lower valve greenish. Gray, Pro, Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 118. pi. 4. f. L Uab. Port Essington, Australia ; Eari of Derby. This fine species, of which another example in a younger state is represented at I'late II. Fig. 9, is remarkable for the manner in which the callous deposit of the interior is August, 1839. AXOMIA.— Plate I. produced around the upper part of the orifice. The shell is moreover distinguished by a square, subauriculated foru), verj' conspicuously radiately striated. Species 4. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia sol. Anom. testa valvd superiore convexd, tenui, hyalind, faxuoso-radiatd, radiis inlerrupte rugom ; umbone subprominente, actito ; pellucido-albd, aun-o- rufescente-thictd. The sun Anomia. Upper valve of the shell convex, thin, hyaline, flexuously rayed, rays interruptedly rugose ; umbo rather prominent, sharp ; transparent- white, tinged with golden-red. Hah. Kurachee, mouth of the Indus. Mr. Cuming possesses only a single upper valve of this species. It is extremely thin and hyaline, flexuously rayed, and of a bright transparent golden-red colour. Species 5. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia c.^ilata. Anom. testa suborbiculari, irregula- riter concentrice laminatd, radiatim liratd, liris line- arilms, coitfertis ; valvd superiore hyalino-albd, aureo- rufescente tinctd, inferiore virescente-albd, concentrice itriatd. The carved Anomia. Shell somewhat orbicular, irregu- larly concentrically laminated, radiating ridged, ridges linear, close-set; upper valve hyaline-white, tinged with golden-red, lower valve greenish-white, concen- trically striated. Hab. ? The upper valve of this species has a close-set, radiating, ridge-like sculpture of its own, quite distinct in character from that of the preceding species. In colour it is of a bright golden hue, greenish-white beneath. Species 6. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia placentella. Anom. testd subquadrato-ovatd, tenuissimd, conveximculd, lavi, submalleald, albd. The Placenta-like Anomia. Shell somewhat squarely ovate, very thin, rather convex, smooth, slightly malleated, white. Hab. ? An extremely thin convex shell, of rather a Placenta- like, form having the upper surface faintly malleated. Anorrua . PI IJ . Stwrei-by del et t^ r ANOMIA. Plate II. Species 7. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia AM.4B/EUS. Anotit, testa suhoblonyo-ovatd, tenid, laviijatd, argenteo-albd. planulatd, umhoiie mhacuto. The silvery Anomia. Shell somewhat oblong-ovate, thin, smooth, silvery-white, rather flat, umbo sharp. Gr.\t, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 115. Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (on stones, in sand, at a depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming. A small, silvery-white, transparent shell, of a rather spoon-shaped, oblong-ovate form, having a sharp, well-de- fined umbo somewhat removed from the margin. Species 8. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Anomia Uumpheeysiana. Anom. testa Miqim ovatd, solidiusculd, concentrice striata, sulipcllucidd, cupreo- rufescente, umbone acuta. Humphreys' Anomia. Shell obliquely ovate, rather solid, concentrically striated, somewhat transparent ; coppery-red, umbo sharp. Uab. •? An odd valve, from the collection of George Humphreys, the old dealer, and predecessor of the elder Sowerby. Though of comparatively solid texture, it is transparent, and of a coppery-red colour. The oblique, coppery-red shell represented in the nest Plate at Fig. \i a, b, and which is known to be from the same old collection, ap- pears to be another example of the species, ribbed from the surface of its place of attachment. Fig. 9. (Mus. Cuming.) This shell, ticketed in Mr. Cuming's collection A. stria- tus, Gray, does not appear to iiave been described under that name, and proves to be a younger state of A. eli/ros, figured in the prereding Plate. Species 10. (Fig. a, I, Mus. Cuming.) Anomia cyt^um. Anom. testd suborbiculari, radiatim eorrugato-costatd, cosfis subobsoletis, pellucido-albd, circa umbonem aurantio-ccneatd, itmbonc acuto ; raird in/eriore virescmtc. The shield Anomia. Shell somewhat orbicular, radi- ately corrugately ribbed, ribs rather obsolete, trans- parent-white, orange-bronzed around the umbo, um- bo sharp ; lower valve greenish. Gray. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 11,5. Hub. Mouth of the Zangtze Keang Elver, Chiiui; Fortune. This species is characterized by a faint wrinkle-ribbed sculpture in the upper valve, which is not derived from the surface of any foreign body, as the under valve is per- fectly smooth. Species 11. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia ephippium. Anom. testa subobligne orbiculari, plus niinm irregulari, rude striata, interdum Jimbri- tdo-sqttamatd ; lutescente-albd. The saddle Anomia. Shell somewhat obliquely orbi- cular, more or less irregular, rudely striated, some- times fimbriately scaled ; yellowish-white. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. p. 1150. Anomia eledrica, cepa, and squamiila, Linnaeus. Anomia punctata, Chemiutz. AnomicB Jlexuosa, rugose, and cylindrica, Gmelin, Anomia margaritacen, sulcata, and pectinifonn is. Poll. Anomia cymbiformis, Maton and Racket. Anomia violacea and siriatula, Bruguiere. Anomia pyriformis and fornicatn, Lamarck. Anomia polymorplia and scabrella, Philippi. Anomia tubularis, Turton. Anomia coronata. Bean. IM. European Seas. The long list of synonyms of this species above quoted show how largely eonchologists have been deceived by its Pi-otean character. On whatever foreign body the Ano- mia epliippium attaches itself, the shell grows with some coiTesponding impression of the surrounding irregularities ; and along ivith this it differs in texture, etc., at different periods of its growth, and according to the depth and cir- cumstances of its habitation. August, 1859. Anrnim . PI III Vincent Brook.s.Iarp A N IM I A Plate III. Species 12, (Pii^. a, b, c, Mus. Cuming.) Anomia Ach^us. Anom. testd late ovatd, Imvigatd, purpurea vel ai(,reo-lutesce7ite, valvd itiferiore conceri- trice siibsquamato-striald, superiors convexd, versus umbonem tumido-uuciuatd. The Ach.*:us Anomia. Shell broadly ovate, smootL, purple or golden-yellow, lower valve concentrically somewhat sealy-striated, upper valve convex, tumidly booked towards the umbo. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 116. Hai. Kurachee, mouth of the Indus ; Major Baker. The swollen hooked growth of this shell is obviously a character of the species, and not a distortion arising from its place of attachment. 13. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia larbas. Anovi. testd suhquadrato-ovatd, tenui, argenteo-albd, IcBvigatd, radiatim Jkxuoso-costatd, cos- tis fere obsoletis ; valvd inferiore csrvginoso-carukd. The waved Anomia. Shell somewhat squarely ovate, thin, silvery-white, smooth, radiately flexuously ribbed, ribs almost obsolete, lower valve bright verdigris-blue. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 117. Hab. Payta, Peru ; Cuming. A fine faintly-waved shell, of a delicate silvery-white, verdipris-blue beneath. Fig, 14 a, 6. (Mus, Cuming.) This specimen, conspicuously ribbed in both valves from having grown upon a ribbed shell, is from the collection of the old dealer George Humphreys, and is doubtless another example of .^. Humphreysiana, described at PI. II. Sp. 8. Though differing so much in general appearance, it is of the same oblique form, solid transparent texture, and coppery-purplish colour. Species 15. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia adamas. Anom. testd ovatd, versus marginem tammatd, rude costatd, costis atigustis, valde irregtila- ribus, versus marginem conspicue mucronatis ; vivide rufescente-aurantid. The adamant Anomia, Shell ovate, laminated towards the margin, rudely ribbed, ribs narrow, very irregu- lar, conspicuously pointed towards the margin ; bright reddish-orange. Gray, Pro, Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 115, Hab. Lord Hood's Island, Galapagos (attached to Avicula. margaritifera at the depth of nine fathoms) ; Cuming. The upper valve of this species is distinguished by a very bright reddish-orange colour, as well as by a peculiar kind of irregular sharp ribbing, developed on appressed Anoriiw PI. IV. ^4 . a!by.del..et tth. A N M I A . Plate IV. Species 16. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Anomia lampb. Anom. lestd suboblique qitadratd,ri(di, radiatim costatd, costis inlerrupiU, irregularibiis,flex- uosis, versus marginem muricuto-squamatis ; tenia, kyalino-albd, valvd superiore virescente-luteo vel au- rantio-rvfo, inferiore arugmoso-camleo tinctd. The scum Anomia. Shell somewhat obliquely square, rude, radiately ribbed, ribs interrupted, irregular, flexuous, prickly-scaled towards the margin; thin, hyaline-white, upper valve stained with greenish-yel- low or orange-red, lower valve with verdigris-blue. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 115. Hab. California ; Lady Wigrani. The ribs of the upper valve of this hyaline bright-co- loured species are irregularly wrinkled, and sometimes priokly-scaled. Species 17. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia strigilis. Anom. testd obliqui ovatd, rudi fim- briato-laminatd et pecuUariter pectutato-cosiatd ; luteo- corned, medio purpurascente. The currycomb Anomia. Shell obliquely ovate, rudely firabriately laminated and pectinately ribbed ; yellow- ish-horny, purplish in the middle. Of this shell, formerly in the collection of George Hum- phreys, nothing is known as to its habitat. The peculiar pectinate festooned ribs, protruding from the laminte, ap- pressed into the hyaline texture of the upper valve, leave little doubt as to its specific distinctness. Such a regularity of sculpture could not be accidental, nor could it be de- rived from any pattern connected with its place of attach- ment. Species IS. (Fig. a, 4, Mus. Cuming.) Anomia laqueata. Anom. testa stiboblique uvatd, valvd superiore tumido-incurvd, radiatim costatd, costis an- gustis, regularibus, subdistantibus, versus nmrginem obsoletis ; hyalino-albd, plus minus aurantio-ceneata, valvd inferiore planulatd, concentrice Inminafo-striaid. atruginoso-cceruha. The fluted Anomia. Shell somewhat obliquely ovate, upper valve tumidly incurved, radiately ribbed, ribs rather narrow, regular, somewhat distant, obsolete towards the margin ; hyaline-white, more or less orange-bronzed, lower valve flat, concentrically lami- nately striated, verdigris-blue. Uab. ? The distinguishing specific character of this shell con- sists in the regularly radiating fluted sculpture of narrow distant ribs, and delicate orange-bronze colouring in the upper valve, which is almost as tumidly incm-ved as in J. Achans. Species 19. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia pacilus. Amm. testa suborbiculari, plana, radiatim flexuoso-costatd, costis subdistantibus, plus minus obsolete nodidatis ; fitscu-aneatd. The swarthy Anomia. Shell somewhat orbicular, con- vexly flattened, radiately flexuously ribbed, ribs rathi.r distant, more or less obsoletely uoduled ; fuscous- bronze. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 117. Sab. Tumbez, Peru ; Cuming. A very characteristic fuscous-bronze shell, rather flat, with faintly nodided ribs radiating in a flexuous manner at unequal distances from a rather sharply defined umbo. Ani'TTlicL PI. V. r ^ixte-tlil Vincent, 'Broote.frnp A N M I A . Species 20. (Mus. Cuming.) Avo.MiA ACtLEATA. Anom. testa oblongo-ovatd, tevui, liyutino-alhd, rudiatim driald, striis plus minus atm- teato-sguamald. Thk prickly Anomia. Shell oblong-ovate, thin, hya- line-wliite, radiately striated, strife more or less prickly-scaled. MiiLLER, Zool. Danica, Prodrom. p. iid. Anomia striolata, Turton. Hab. Britain and North Atlantic generally. A small hyaline species, more or less rayed with minute, vaulted, prickly scales. S]iecies 21. (Fia;, a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Anomia Acontes. Anom. textd suborbiculari, tenni, planulatd, lavi, Lutescente-albd. The Acontes Anomia. Shell nearly orbicular, thin, flattened, smooth, yellowish-white. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 116. Eab. Jamaica; Gosse. Of very simple form, without any trace of sculpture. Species 22. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia spinosa. Anom. testa oblique ovatd, tenui, al- bidd, versun umbones radiatim spinosa-squamatd. The spined Anomia. Shell obliquely ovate, thin, whitish, radiately spine-scaled towards the umbo. Hab. Norway. This shell, having a regular oblique growth, appears to ditier from A. aculeata in a manner that should be re- garded of importance in determining species. Species 23. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Anomia nobilis. Anom. tesld late ovatd, plana, solidi- ■iisculd, subirregnlari, radiatim costatd, costis subdis- tantibus, obtuse squamatis, valvd superiore virescente- albd, luteo vel riifescente-aurantio tinctd, valvd infe- riore paUidii (Brnginoso-ctBrnli'scente. The noble Anomia. Shell broadly ovate, flat, rather solid, somewhat irregular, radiately ribbed, ribs rather distant, obtusely scaled, upper valve greenish-white, tinged with yellow or reddish-orange, lower valve pale verdigris-blue. Eab. Sandwich Islands. A fine new species from the Sandwich Islands, sculp- tured with characteristic flexuously rayed scaly ribs, vary- ing in colour from yellow to reddish-orange. Species 34. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Anomia Dryas. Anom. testa suborbiculari, tenui, pla- niusculd, hyalino-albd, valvd superiore intns extusque radiatim lineatd, lineis subdistantibus ; umbone sub- produdo. The Dryas Anomia. Shell nearly orbicular, thin, rather flat, hyaline-white, upper valve radiately lined within and without, lines rather distant ; umbo slightly pro- duced. Gk.^y, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 115. Eab. Singapore (on dead shells, in coarse sand and gravel at a depth of about ten fathoms) ; Cuming. The upper valve of this species is curiously distinguished by a radiation of rather distant lines, which are seen both within and without. Arwnica^J'l. 17. $^i^ w: r^^-'fiyil^k. ^ ^. v>> A N M I A . Plate VI. Species 25. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia .Malleata. Anom. testa subortnculari, timdssi- md, hyalino-alhd, ruyom-muUeatd, umbone subpromi- nente, acuta. The malleated Anomia. Shell nearly orbicular, very thin, hyaline-white, roughly malleated, umbo rather prominent, sharp. Hab. ? Of a delicate transparent texture, with a rude malleated surface and sharply defined umbo. Species 26. (Mus. Cuming.) Akomia eamosa. Anom. testa siiborldculari^ tenia. In tesceute, copiose rainoso-squamatd. The brancued Anomia. Shell nearly orbicular, thin yeDowisb, copiously branch-scaled. Hab. Tunis ; Fraser. "Distinguished by a copious gron'th of branching scales Species 27. (Mus. Cuming.) .^^■o^IIA SCABRA. Anom. testa .mborbicidari, ht/alino-al- bd, circa umbonem pallide rufescetite-cened, radlatim liratd, liris rudibus, irregularibus, ad marginem acutis. The eotjgh Anomia. Shell nearly orbicular, hyaline- white, pale reddish-bronze about the umbo, radiately ridged, ridges rude, irregular, sharp at the margin. Hab. Bombay. In colour this species approaches A. cytmm, from China, but the shell has a sculpture natural to it, which is quite distinct. Species 28. (Mus. Cumiug.) Anomia Alectus. Anom. testa subtrigono-orbiculari, irregularis solidiiisould, versus umbonem acute flexu- oso-costatd, deinde eoncentrice laiuinatd; valvd supe- riore rufescente-ferrugiued atU pnrpitrascente, inferi- ore vire-icente. The Alectus Anomia. Shell somewhat triangularly orbicular, irregular, rather solid, sharply fle.xuously ribbed towards the umbo, then concentrically lami- nated ; upper valve reddish-rust or purplish, lower valve greenish. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 115. Hab. Bay of Guayaquil ; Hinds. The chief peculiarity of this species consists in the sharply flexuous ribs, which become obsolete towards tlic margin among the concentric lamina. Fig. 29. (Mus. Cuming.) This shell represents the state of A. epldppimn named A. cepa. Species 30. (Mus. Cuming.) AnO-MIA FIDENAS. Anom. testd ovatd, lenui, ptanulata, l(cva, albidd ; valvd inferiore eoncentrice taminato-stri- atd. The smooth Anomia. Shell ovate, thin, flat, smooth, whitish ; lower valve concentrically laminately striated . Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 116. Hab. West coast of Panama ; Cuming. Of very simple character, found by Mr. Cuming at the above-named localitv, attached to a Tinna. Species 31. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia ahgyritis. Anom. testa snbqimdrato-orbicuian, tenuissimd, diaphand, argenteo-albd, circa umbonem snbcoloratd, tindique radiatim striata. The silver-foam Anomia. Shell somewhat squarely orbicular, very thin, diaphanous, silveiy-white, faintly coloured about the umbo, everywhere radiately stri- ated. Hab. ? A delicate, radiately striated, tilvery species, faintly tinged with colour about the umbo. Aiwnua.Pl Va. '"^^.■^' /% /^ %■ <(r 'Mk'^fi Vn\oerLi: Brooks lm]~ A N I\I I A Plate VII. Species 32. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia hamillus. AttoM. testa oblique ovatd, s'muosd, tenui, pellucidd, rufincente, irrei/ularitfr riigoso-mal- leatd. The sinuous Ano.mia. Sliell obliquely ovate, sinuous, thin, transparent, irregularly roughly malleated. Cray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. il7. Hal). Bay of Canes, West Columbia ; Cuming. Of a thin sinuous growth and reddish colour. Species 33. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) .\no:\i[a Tyria. Ahoih. leHd subtrigono-ovatd, tumidd, ■andlqiie lavigntd, intense aneo-purpured. The Tykian Anomia. Shell somewhat triangularly ovate, tumid, everywhere smooth, deep bronze-purple. Hab. Sandwich Islands. .\ riclily ])urple-stained species from the Sandwich Ulauds, with a smooth apparently worn aspect. Species 34. (Mus. Cuming.) .\nomi.\ metallic.\. Anoni. testa suhtrignuo-oratd, teiiiii, fompre-musciild, comentrice obsolete laminato-striatd, uryeuteo-albd, luteu tliictd. The metallic Anomia. Shell somewhat triangularly ovate, thin, rather compressed, concentrically obso- letely laminately striated, silvery-vvhite, tinged with yellow. n„b. ? Of a delicate, metallic, yellow-tinged, silvery texture, differing specifically in this respect as well as in form from any varieties that I have seen of A. cpJdppium. Species 35. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Anomia costata. Anom. testdsuhtrigonn-orbiciilari, ver- sus umbonem tuniido-incurvd, semipellucido-albd, ra- diatim costatd, costis promiufniibus, squamatis; valrd inferiore coucentrice lamimdd, cp.ruginoso-cmruled. The bibbed Anomia. Shell somewhat triangularly orbicular, tumidly incurved towards the umbo, semi- transparent-white, radiately ribbed, ribs prominent, scaled ; lower valve concentrically laminated, verdi- gris-blue. Uab. ? This characteristic species appears to be ribbed inde- pendently of its place of attachment, and the ribs an- largely sealed. Species 36. (Mus. Cuming.) Anomia lucerna. Anom.. testa trigono-globosd, tenui, valde injiutd, nidi, irregulari, versus iimboiiem tumido- incurvd, obsolete squaniato-laminatd. The lamp Anomia. Shell triangularly globose, thin, very inflated, rude, in-egular, tumidly incurved to- wards the umbo, obsoletely squamately laminated. Hab. ? A thin, inflated, T4;^ •^. S iTifaijy, id ctliK . "/mcert Brofika, Iinj/ . PLACUNANOMIA. Species 10. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) I'l.^cunanomia Gouldi. Plac. testa mUrhjono-ovala, radiatim minute sqiMmato-driatd, striis muriealo-isqna- matis ; sordicle alba, intus lutescerde-funrd. Gould's PLACUNANOsirA. Shell somewhat triangularly ovate, radiately minutely scale-stviated, strife prickly- scaled ; dead-white, interior yellowish-brown. Hab. ? A small species, not referable to any hitherto described, for which Mr. Cuming is indebted to Dr. Gould, of Bos- ton, United States. Species 11. (Fig. a, h, Mus. Cuming.) I'l.ACUNANOMFA ALOPK. Plac. testd orbiculari, apice vix niarginali, valvd superiori plana, radiatim corruyato- roUald, cudia subundatis ; virencente-albd. The fox 1'lacunanomia. Shell orbicular, apex scarcely marginal, upper valve flat, radiately wrinkle-ribbed, ribs waved ; greenish-white. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 122. Hab. California. In this species the ribs have an irregular character, dis- posed in waved radiating wrinkles. Species 13. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Pxaccnanomia CEPlo. Plac. testa orbiculari, radiatim minute striata, uudique rtigoso-malleatd ; pellucido- albd; perforatione sabampld. The crystal Placunanomia. Shell orbicular, radi- ately minutely striated, everywhere wrinkle-indenicd ; transparent-white ; orifice rather large. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 121. Hab. California. A very delicate transparent species, curiously wrinkled and nwdleated throughout. Species 13. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Placunanomia Australica. Plac. testa transverse. ova- Id, radiatim tenuiliratd, liris minute muricato-sqimmu- tis ; pellmido-albd, intus cceruleo-virente. The Australian Placunanomia. Shell transversely ovate, radiately finely ridged, ridges minutely prickly- scaled ; transparent-white, ifiterior blue-green. Hab. Australia. Finely sculptured throughout with minutely scaled ridges. Species 14. (Fig. a, b, Mus. Cuming.) Placunanomia abnormalis. Plac. testa orbiculari, radiatim divaricato-liratd, liris promisctte nndutis, minute squamatis ; -mrdide albd, int/is virescente. The abnormal Pl.\cunanomia. Shell orbicular, radi- ately divaricately ridged, ridges promiscuously waved, minutely scaled ; dead-white, interior greenish. Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 121. Hab. West Indies. The radiating ridges of this species have a ppculi;u promiscuously wrinkled character. PLACUNANOMIA. abnormalis, Gray 111. H alope, iifuy III. 11 Australica, Reeve 111. 13 cepio, Gray III. 13 Cumingii, i/;-o(/CTV/) I. 3 ecliiiiata, Broderip 1. 1 foliiita, Broderip I. 5 Goiilili, Reeve Ilarfordi, Reeoe ionc, Gray macrochisma {Anomia), Deshaycs patelliformis {Anomia), Limiseus. nulls, Broderip Zealandica, Gray 'iQSkP